OTESECONAZOLE

VT 1161

(2R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(tetrazol-1-yl)-1-[5-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl]propan-2-ol

Other Names

• (αR)-α-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-β,β-difluoro-α-(1H-tetrazol-1-ylmethyl)-5-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]-2-pyridineethanol
• (2R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)- 1-{5-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}propan-2-ol

 Oteseconazole, also known as VT-1161, is a tetrazole antifungal agent potentially for the treatment of candidal vaginal infection. VT-1161 Protects Immunosuppressed Mice from Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus Infection. VT-1161 dosed once daily or once weekly exhibits potent efficacy in treatment of dermatophytosis in a guinea pig model.

Oteseconazole has been used in trials studying the treatment of Tinea Pedis, Onychomycosis, Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal, and Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.

Mycovia Pharmaceuticals is developing oteseconazole, the lead from a program of metalloenzyme Cyp51 (lanosterol demethylase) inhibitors, developed using the company’s Metallophile technology, for treating fungal infections including onychomycosis and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). In July 2021, oteseconazole was reported to be in phase 3 clinical development. Licensee Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine is developing otesaconazole, as an oral capsule formulation, for treating fungal conditions, including RVVC, onychomycosis and invasive fungal infections, in Greater China and planned for a phase 3 trial in April 2021 for treating VVC.

• OriginatorViamet Pharmaceuticals
• DeveloperMycovia Pharmaceuticals; Viamet Pharmaceuticals
• ClassAntifungals; Foot disorder therapies; Pyridines; Small molecules; Tetrazoles
• Mechanism of Action14-alpha demethylase inhibitors

• PreregistrationVulvovaginal candidiasis
• Phase IIOnychomycosis
• No development reportedTinea pedis

• 01 Jun 2021Preregistration for Vulvovaginal candidiasis (In adolescents, In adults, In children, Recurrent) in USA (PO)
• 01 Jun 2021Mycovia intends to launch otesaconazole (Recurrent) for Vulvovaginal candidiasis in the US in early 2022
• 06 Jan 2021Interim efficacy and adverse events data from a phase III ultraVIOLET trial in Vulvovaginal candidiasis released by Mycovia Pharmaceuticals

PATENT

WO 2017049080

WO 2016149486

US 20150024938

WO 2015143172

WO 2015143184 

WO 2015143180

 WO 2015143142

 WO 2013110002

WO 2013109998

WO 2011133875 

PATENT

WO 2017049080,

PATENT

WO-2021143811

Novel crystalline polymorphic form of VT-1161 (also known as oteseconazole) phosphate disodium salt, useful as a prodrug of oteseconazole, for treating systemic fungal infection (eg Candida albicans infection) or onychomycosis.The function of metalloenzymes is highly dependent on the presence of metal ions in the active site of the enzyme. It is recognized that reagents that bind to and inactivate metal ions at the active site greatly reduce the activity of the enzyme. Nature uses this same strategy to reduce the activity of certain metalloenzymes during periods when enzyme activity is not needed. For example, the protein TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases) binds to zinc ions in the active sites of various matrix metalloproteinases, thereby inhibiting enzyme activity. The pharmaceutical industry has used the same strategy in the design of therapeutic agents. For example, the azole antifungal agents fluconazole and voriconazole contain 1-(1,2,4-triazole) group, which exists in the active site of the target enzyme lanosterol demethylase The heme iron binds, thereby inactivating the enzyme. Another example includes zinc-bound hydroxamic acid groups, which have been introduced into most of the published inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylases. Another example is the zinc-binding carboxylic acid group, which has been introduced into most of the published angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. 
VT-1161, the compound 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2, 2,2-Trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol, is an antifungal drug developed by VIAMET, currently in the clinical research stage, its structure is as follows Shown:

This compound mainly acts on the CYP51 target of fungal cells. Compared with the previous triazole antifungal drugs, it has the advantages of wider antibacterial spectrum, low toxicity, high safety and good selectivity. However, this compound is not suitable for Liquid preparations (including or excluding the parenteral delivery carrier) are used to treat patients in need thereof. 
2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoro Ethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate is a prodrug of VT-1161. 
On the other hand, nearly half of the drug molecules are in the form of salts, and salt formation can improve certain undesirable physicochemical or biological properties of the drug. Relative to 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2- Trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate, it is of great significance to develop salts with more excellent properties in terms of physical and chemical properties or pharmaceutical properties.To this end, the present disclosure provides a new pharmaceutically acceptable salt form of a metalloenzyme inhibitor.Example 1:[0161](R)-2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2, 2-Trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl phosphate disodium salt (Compound 1)[0162]

[0163](R)-2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2 ,2-Trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-yl phosphate (compound 1a, prepared according to the method of patent WO2013110002, 0.28g, 0.46mmol, 1.0eq) and ethanol (5mL ) Add to the reaction flask and stir evenly. A solution of NaOH (36.90 mg, 2.0 eq) dissolved in water (1 mL) was added dropwise into the above reaction flask, stirring was continued for 2 h, and concentrated to obtain compound 1, 300 mg of white solid.[0164]After X-ray powder diffraction detection, the XRPD spectrum has no sharp diffraction peaks, as shown in FIG. 10.[0165]Ms:608.10[M-2Na+3H] ⁺ .[0166]Ion chromatography detected that the sodium ion content was 6.23%.[0167]Example 2: (R)-((2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4 -(2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-yl)oxy)methyl phosphate disodium salt (compound 2)

[0169]Under ice-cooling, NaH (58mg, 0.87mmol) was added to the reaction flask, 1.5mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and 0.6mL of tetrahydrofuran were added, followed by iodine (38mg, 0.15mmol), and then Compound 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(2,2,2-tri Fluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (2b, prepared according to the method of patent WO2013110002, 158mg, 0.3mmol) tetrahydrofuran (1ml) solution was added to the reaction solution, stirred and reacted for 1-4h , And then add compound 2a (519mg, 2.01mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1ml) solvent to the reaction, stir until the reaction is complete, 10% aqueous ammonium chloride solution to quench the reaction, extract, concentrate and drain, the crude product 2c is directly used for the next One-step reaction, Ms: 750.0[M+H] ⁺ .[0170]

[0171]Under ice-bath cooling, add trifluoroacetic acid (0.5mL) to the crude product 2c (300mg) in dichloromethane (2mL) solution, stir until the reaction is complete, and after concentration, the target compound 2d, 82mg, Ms was separated by high performance liquid phase separation. :638.0[M+H] ⁺ .[0172]

Add compound 2d (0.29g, 0.46mmol, 1.0eq) and ethanol (5mL) obtained in the previous step into the reaction flask, stir, and add NaOH (36.90mg, 2.0eq) water (1ml) solution dropwise to the aforementioned reaction solution , Stirred for 2-5 h, and concentrated to obtain 2,313 mg of the target compound. 
Ms:638.10[M-2Na+3H] ⁺ .

PATENT

WO2011133875

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011133875A2/en

Product pat, WO2011133875 , protection in the EU states and the US April 2031.

PATENT

WO2015143184 ,

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2015143184A1/en

Mycovia, claiming a process for preparing antifungal compounds, particularly oteseconazole.EXAMPLE 11

2-(2,4-Difluorophenyl)-l,l-difluoro-3-(lH-tetrazol-l-yl)-l-(5-(4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (11)Compound 11 was prepared using the conditions employed for 1: 0.33 g as a solid. The precursor l-bromo-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzene was prepared as described below in one step.1H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 8.76 (s, 1 H), 8.70 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, / = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.70 (s, 1 H), 7.64 (d, / = 8.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.54 (d, / = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.42- 7.37 (m, 1 H), 7.08 (d, / = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 6.79- 6.75 (m, 1 H), 6.69- 6.66 (m, 1 H), 5.58 (d, / = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.14 (d, / = 14.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.44 – 4.39 (m, 2 H). HPLC: 99.1%. MS (ESI): m/z 528 [M⁺+l].Chiral preparative HPLC Specifications for (+)-ll:Column: Chiralpak IA, 250 x 4.6mm, 5uMobile Phase: A) w-Hexane, B) IPAIsocratic: A: B (65:35)Flow Rte: l.OO mL/minOptical rotation [a]_D: + 24° (C = 0.1 % in MeOH). 1 -Bromo-4-( 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy )benzeneTo a stirred solution of trifluoroethyl tosylate (1.5 g, 5.8 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (4 g, 29.4 mmol) followed by addition of p-bromo phenol (1.1 g, 6.46 mmol) at RT under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 120 °C for 6 h. The volatiles were evaporated under reduced pressure; the residue was diluted with water (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 30 mL). The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂S0₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude compound was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane to afford the desired product (0.8 g, 3.13 mmol, 53.3%) as semi solid. 1H NMR (200 MHz, CDC1₃): δ 7.44 – 7.38 (m, 2 H), 6.86-6.80 (m, 2 H), 4.38- 4.25 (m, 2 H).ExamplesThe present invention will now be demonstrated using specific examples that are not to be construed as limiting.General Experimental ProceduresDefinitions of variables in the structures in schemes herein are commensurate with those of corresponding positions in the formulae delineated herein.Synthesis of 1 or la

A process to prepare enantiopure compound 1 or la is disclosed. Syntheses of lor la may be accomplished using the example syntheses that are shown below (Schemes 1-4). The preparation of precursor ketone 3-Br is performed starting with reaction of 2,5-dibromo- pyridine with ethyl 2-bromo-difluoroacetate to produce ester 2-Br. This ester can be reacted with morpholine to furnish morpholine amide 2b-Br, followed by arylation to provide ketone 3-Br. Alternatively, ketone 3-Br can be afforded directly from ester 2-Br as shown in Scheme 1. Scheme 1. Synthesis of ketone 3-Br r

Ketone 3 may be prepared in an analogous fashion as described in Scheme 1 starting from corresponding substituted 2-bromo-pyridines, which can be prepared according to synthetic transformations known in the art and contained in the references cited herein (Scheme 2).Scheme 2. Synthesis of ketone 3

R-i = halo, -0(C=0)-alkyl, -0(C=0)-substituted alkyl, -0(C=0)-aryl, -0(C=0)-substituted aryl, -0(C=0)-0-alkyl, – 0(C=0)-0-substituted alkyl, -0(C=0)-0-aryl, -0(C=0)-0-substituted aryl, -0(S0₂)-alkyl, -0(S0₂)-substituted alkyl, – 0(S0₂)-aryl, or -0(S0₂)-substituted aryl.Alternatively, compound 1 can be prepared according to Scheme 3 utilizing diols 2-6b (or 2- 6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, the enantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof). Olefins 2-5a and 2-5 can be prepared by reacting ketones 3 and 1-4 under Wittig olefination conditions (e.g., Ph₃PCH₃Br and BuLi). Also, as indicated in Scheme 5, any of pyridine compounds, 3, 2-5a, 2-6b, 2-7b, 4*, 4b, or 6 can be converted to the corresponding 4-CF₃CH₂O-PI1 analogs (e.g., 1-4, 2-5, 2-6a, 2-7a, 5*, 1-6*, or 1 or the corresponding enantiomers, or mixtures thereof) by cross-coupling with 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2- (4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (or the corresponding alkyl boronates or boronic acid or the like), in a suitable solvent system (e.g., an organic-aqueous solvent mixture), in the presence of a transition metal catalyst (e.g., (dppf)PdCl₂), and in the presence of a base (e.g., KHCO₃, K₂C0₃, Cs₂C0₃, or Na₂C0₃, or the like). Olefins 2-5a and 2-5 can be transformed to the corresponding chiral diols, 2-6b (or 2-6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, the enantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof), through exposure to Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions: 1) commercially available AD- mix alpha or AD-mix beta with or without additional osmium oxidant and methanesulfonamide, 2) combination of a catalytic osmium oxidant (e.g., Os0₄ or K₂0sC>₂(OH)₄), a stoichiometric iron oxidant (e.g., K₃Fe(CN)₆), a base (e.g., KHCO₃, K2CO₃, Cs₂C0₃, or Na₂C0₃, or the like), and a chiral ligand (e.g., (DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, (DHQ)₂AQN, (DHQD)₂PYR, or (DHQ)₂PYR; preferably (DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, and (DHQD)₂PYR), or 3) option 2) with methanesulfonamide. The primary alcohol of the resultant chiral diols, 2-6b (or 2-6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, the enantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof), can then be activated to afford compounds 2-7b (or 2-7d, the enantiomer of 2-7b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-7a (or 2-7c, the enantiomer of 2-7a, or mixtures thereof). For example, the mesylates can be prepared by exposing chiral diols, 2-6b (or 2-6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, the enantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof), to methanesulfonyl chloride and a base. Epoxide formation can be affected by the base-mediated (e.g., KHCO₃, K2CO₃, CS2CO₃, or Na₂CC>₃, or the like) ring closure of compounds 2-7b (or 2- 7d, the enantiomer of 2-7b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-7a (or 2-7c, the enantiomer of 2-7a, or mixtures thereof) to provide epoxides 4* (or 4c*, the enantiomer of 4*, or mixtures thereof) and 5* (or 5-b*, the enantiomer of 5*, or mixtures thereof). The epoxides can then be converted into amino-alcohols 4b (or 4c, the enantiomer of 4b, or mixtures thereof) and 1-6* (or 1-7*, the enantiomer of 1-6*, or mixtures thereof) through ammonia-mediated epoxide opening using ammonia in a suitable solvent (e.g., MeOH, EtOH, or water). Subsequent treatment with TMS-azide in the presence of trimethylorthoformate and sodium acetate in acetic acid would yield compounds 6 (or 6a, the enantiomer of 6, or mixtures thereof) or 1 (or la, the enantiomer of 1, or mixtures thereof) (US 4,426,531).Scheme 3. Synthesis of 1 via Asymmetric Dihydroxylation Method

Y is -OS02-alkyl, -OS02-substituted alkyl, -OS02-aryl, -OS02- substituted aryl, -0(C=0)-alkyl, -0(C=0)-substituted alkyl, – 0(C=0)-aryl, -0(C=0)-substituted aryl, or halogen

R-i = halo, -0(C=0)-alkyl, -0(C=0)-substituted alkyl, -0(C=0)-aryl, -0(C=0)-substituted aryl, -0(C=0)-0-alkyl, -0(C=0)-0-substituted alkyl, -0(C=0)-0-aryl, -0(C=0)-0-substituted aryl, -0(S0₂)-alkyl, -0(S0₂)-substituted alkyl, -0(S0₂)-aryl, or -0(S0₂)-substituted aryl.Compound 1 (or la, the enantiomer of 1, or mixtures thereof) prepared by any of the methods presented herein can be converted to a sulfonic salt of formula IX (or IXa, the enantiomer of IX, or mixtures thereof), as shown in Scheme 4. This can be accomplished by a) combining compound 1 (or la, the enantiomer of 1, or mixtures thereof), a crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixture (e.g., EtOAc, i^‘PrOAc, EtOH, MeOH, or acetonitrile, or oZ-S-OHcombinations thereof), and a sulfonic acid o (e.g., Z = Ph, p-tolyl, Me, or Et), b) diluting the mixture with an appropriate crystallization co-solvent or crystallization co-solvent mixture (e.g., pentane, methyl i-butylether, hexane, heptane, or toluene, or combinations thereof), and c) filtering the mixture to obtain a sulfonic acid salt of formula IX (or IXa, the enantiomer of IX, or mixtures thereof). cheme 4. Synthesis of a Sulfonic Acid Salt of Compound 1 or la

The following describes the HPLC method used in assessing HPLC purity of the examples and intermediates presented below:Column: Waters XBridge Shield RP18, 4.6 x 150 mm, 3.5 μιηMobile Phase: A = 0.05% TFA/H₂0, B = 0.05% TFA/ACNAutosampler flush: 1 : 1 ACN/H₂0Diluent: 1:1 ACN/H₂0Flow Rate: 1.0 ml/minTemperature: 45 °CDetector: UV 275 nmPump Parameters:

EXAMPLE 1Preparation of ethyl 2-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2,2-difluoroacetate (2-Br)

2-Br Dialkylated impurity In a clean multi-neck round bottom flask, copper powder (274.7 g, 2.05 eq) was suspended in dimethyl sulfoxide (3.5 L, 7 vol) at 20 – 35 °C. Ethyl bromodifluoroacetate (449 g, 1.05 eq) was slowly added to the reaction mixture at 20 – 25 °C and stirred for 1 – 2 h. 2, 5- dibromopyridine (500 g, 1 eq) was added to the reaction mixture and the temperature was increased to 35 – 40 °C. The reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for 18 – 24 h and the reaction progress was monitored by GC.After the completion of the reaction, ethyl acetate (7 L, 14 vol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for 60 – 90 min at 20 – 35 °C. The reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite bed (100 g; 0.2 times w/w Celite and 1L; 2 vol ethyl acetate). The reactor was washed with ethyl acetate (6 L, 12 vol) and the washings were filtered through a Celite bed. The Celite bed was finally washed with ethyl acetate (1 L, 2 vol) and all the filtered mother liquors were combined. The pooled ethyl acetate solution was cooled to 8 – 10 °C, washed with the buffer solution (5 L, 10 vol) below 15 °C (Note: The addition of buffer solution was exothermic in nature. Controlled addition of buffer was required to maintain the reaction mixture temperature below 15 °C). The ethyl acetate layer was washed again with the buffer solution until (7.5 L; 3 x 5 vol) the aqueous layer remained colorless. The organic layer was washed with a 1: 1 solution of 10 % w/w aqueous sodium chloride and the buffer solution (2.5 L; 5 vol). The organic layer was then transferred into a dry reactor and the ethyl acetate was distilled under reduced pressure to get crude 2-Br.The crude 2-Br was purified by high vacuum fractional distillation and the distilled fractions having 2-Br purity greater than 93 % (with the dialkylated not more than 2 % and starting material less than 0.5 %) were pooled together to afford 2-Br.Yield after distillation: 47.7 % with > 93 % purity by GC (pale yellow liquid). Another 10 % yield was obtained by re-distillation of impure fractions resulting in overall yield of ~ 55 – 60 %.*H NMR: δ values with respect to TMS (DMSO-d₆; 400 MHz): 8.85 (1H, d, 1.6 Hz), 8.34 (1H, dd, J = 2.0 Hz, 6.8 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz), 4.33 (2H, q, J = 6.0 Hz), 1.22 (3H, t, J = 6.0 Hz). ¹³C NMR: 162.22 (i, -C=0), 150.40 (Ar-C-), 149.35 (t, Ar-C), 140.52 (Ar-C), 123.01 (Ar-C), 122.07 (Ar-C), 111.80 (t, -CF₂), 63.23 (-OCH₂-), 13.45 (-CH₂CH₃).EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of2-( 5-bromopyridin-2-yl )-l -(2,4-difluorophenyl )-2, 2-difluoroethanone ( 3-Br ) A. One-step Method

l-Bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene (268.7 g; 1.3 eq) was dissolved in methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE, 3.78 L, 12.6 vol) at 20 – 35 °C and the reaction mixture was cooled to -70 to -65 °C using acetone/dry ice bath. n-Butyl lithium (689 rriL, 1.3 eq; 2.5 M) was then added to the reaction mixture maintaining the reaction temperature below -65 °C (Note: Controlled addition of the n-Butyl Lithium to the reaction mixture was needed to maintain the reaction mixture temperature below – 65 °C). After maintaining the reaction mixture at this temperature for 30 – 45 min, 2-Br (300 g, 1 eq) dissolved in MTBE (900 rriL, 3 vol) was added to the reaction mixture below – 65 °C. The reaction mixture was continued to stir at this temperature for 60 – 90 min and the reaction progress was monitored by GC.The reaction was quenched by slow addition of 20 % w/w ammonium chloride solution (750 mL, 2.5 vol) below -65 °C. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed to 20 – 35 °C and an additional amount of 20 % w/w ammonium chloride solution (750 mL, 2.5 vol) was added. The aqueous layer was separated, the organic layer was washed with a 10 % w/w sodium bicarbonate solution (600 mL, 2 vol) followed by a 5 % sodium chloride wash (600 mL, 2 vol). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate (60 g; 0.2 times w/w), filtered and the sodium sulfate was washed with MTBE (300 mL, 1 vol). The organic layer along with washings was distilled below 45 °C under reduced pressure until no more solvent was collected in the receiver. The distillation temperature was increased to 55 – 60 °C, maintained under vacuum for 3 – 4 h and cooled to 20 – 35 °C to afford 275 g (73.6 % yield, 72.71 % purity by HPLC) of 3-Br as a pale yellow liquid.*H NMR: δ values with respect to TMS (DMSO-d₆; 400 MHz):8.63 (1H, d, 1.6 Hz, Ar-H), 8.07 – 8.01 (2H, m, 2 x Ar-H), 7.72 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.07 – 6.82 (1H, m, Ar-H), 6.81 – 6.80 (1H, m, Ar-H). ¹³C NMR: 185.60 (t, -C=0), 166.42 (dd, Ar-C-), 162.24 (dd, Ar-C),150.80 (Ar-C), 150.35 (Ar-C), 140.02 (Ar-C), 133.82 (Ar-C), 123.06 (Ar-C), 1122.33 (Ar-C), 118.44 (Ar-C), 114.07 (-CF₂-), 122.07 (Ar-C), 105.09 (Ar-C).

B. Two-step Method via 2b-Br

2-Br (147.0 g) was dissolved in n-heptane (1.21 L) and transferred to a 5-L reactor equipped with overhead stirrer, thermocouple, condenser and addition funnel. Morpholine (202 ml) was added. The solution was heated to 60 °C and stirred overnight. The reaction was complete by HPLC analysis (0.2% 2-Br; 94.7% 2b-Br). The reaction was cooled to room temperature and 1.21 L of MTBE was added. The solution was cooled to ~4 °C and quenched by slow addition of 30% citric acid (563 ml) to maintain the internal temperature <15 °C. After stirring for one hour the layers were allowed to settle and were separated (Aq. pH=5). The organic layer was washed with 30% citric acid (322 ml) and 9% NaHC0₃ (322 ml, aq. pH 7+ after separation). The organic layer was concentrated on the rotary evaporator (Note 1) to 454 g (some precipitation started immediately and increased during concentration). After stirring at room temperature the suspension was filtered and the product cake was washed with n-heptane (200 ml). The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at room temperature to provide 129.2 g (77%) dense powder. The purity was 96.5% by HPLC analysis.To a 1-L flask equipped with overhead stirring, thermocouple, condenser and addition funnel was added magnesium turnings (14.65 g), THF (580 ml) and l-bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene (30.2 g, 0.39 equiv). The mixture was stirred until the reaction initiated and self-heating brought the reaction temperature to 44 °C. The temperature was controlled with a cooling bath as the remaining l-bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene (86.1 g, 1.11 equiv) was added over about 30 min. at an internal temperature of 35-40 °C. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours while gradually cooling to room temperature. The dark yellow solution was further cooled to 12 °C.During the Grignard formation, a jacketed 2-L flask equipped with overhead stirring, thermocouple, and addition funnel was charged with morpholine amide 2b-Br (129.0 g) and THF (645 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature until the solid dissolved, and then the solution was cooled to -8.7 °C. The Grignard solution was added via addition funnel over about 30 min. at a temperature of -5 to 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hour and endpointed by HPLC analysis. The reaction mixture was cooled to -5 °C and quenched by slow addition of 2N HC1 over 1 hour at <10 °C. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h then the layers were allowed to settle and were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (280 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with 9% NaHCC>3 (263 g) and 20% NaCl (258 ml). The organic layer was concentrated on the rotary evaporator with THF rinses to transfer all the solution to the distillation flask. Additional THF (100 ml) and toluene (3 x 100 ml) were added and distilled to remove residual water from the product. After drying under vacuum, the residue was 159.8 g of a dark brown waxy solid (>theory). The purity was approximately 93% by HPLC analysis.EXAMPLE 3Preparation of 3-amino-l-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,l-difluoropropan- -ol (±ib-Br)

4-Br (200g, 1 eq) was added into methanolic ammonia (8.0 L; 40 vol; ammonia content: 15 – 20 % w/v) in an autoclave at 10 – 20 °C. The reaction mixture was gradually heated to 60 – 65 °C and at 3 – 4 kg/cm² under sealed conditions for 10 – 12 h. The reaction progress was monitored by GC. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 20 – 30 °C and released the pressure gradually. The solvent was distilled under reduced pressure below 50 °C and the crude obtained was azeotroped with methanol (2 x 600 mL, 6 vol) followed by with isopropanol (600 mL, 2 vol) to afford 203 g (96.98 % yield, purity by HPLC: 94.04 %) of +4b-Br. EXAMPLE 4Preparation of3-amino-l-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,l-difluoropropan- -ol (4b-Br or 2c-Br)

Amino alcohol ±4b-Br (150 g, 1 eq) was dissolved in an isopropanol /acetonitrile mixture (1.5L, 8:2 ratio, 10 vol) and Di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid (L-DPTTA) (84.05 g, 0.55 eq) was added into the reactor at 20 – 30 °C. The reaction mixture was heated to 45 – 50 °C for 1 – 1.5 h (Note: The reaction mixture becomes clear and then became heterogeneous). The reaction mixture was gradually cooled to 20 – 30 °C and stirred for 16 – 18 h. The progress of the resolution was monitored by chiral HPLC analysis.After the completion of the resolution, the reaction mixture was gradually cooled to 20 – 35 °C. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtered solid was washed with a mixture of acetonitrile and isopropanol (8:2 mixture, 300 mL, 2 vol) and dried to afford 75 g of the L- DPTTA salt (95.37 % ee). The L-DPTTA salt obtained was chirally enriched by suspending the salt in isopropanol /acetonitrile (8:2 mixture; 750 mL, 5 vol) at 45 – 50 °C for 24 – 48 h. The chiral enhancement was monitored by chiral HPLC; the solution was gradually cooled to 20 – 25 °C, filtered and washed with an isoporpanol /acetonitrile mixture (8:2 mixture; 1 vol). The purification process was repeated and after filtration, the salt resulted in chiral purity greater than 96 % ee. The filtered compound was dried under reduced pressure at 35 – 40 °C to afford 62 g of the enantio-enriched L-DPPTA salt with 97.12% ee as an off-white solid. The enantio-enriched L-DPTTA salt (50 g, 1 eq) was dissolved in methanol (150 mL, 3 vol) at 20 – 30 °C and a potassium carbonate solution (18.05 g K2CO₃ in 150 mL water) was slowly added at 20 – 30 °C under stirring. The reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for 2 – 3 h (pH of the solution at was maintained at 9). Water (600 mL, 12 vol) was added into the reaction mixture through an additional funnel and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 – 3 h at 20 – 30 °C. The solids were filtered; washed with water (150 mL, 3 vol) and dried under vacuum at 40 – 45 °C to afford 26.5 g of amino alcohol 4b-Br or 4c-Br with 99.54 % chemical purity, 99.28 % ee as an off-white solid. (Water content of the chiral amino alcohol is below 0.10 % w/w).1H NMR: δ values with respect to TMS (DMSO-d₆; 400 MHz):8.68 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, Ar- H), 8.16 (1H, dd, J = 8.0 Hz, 2.0 Hz, Ar-H), 7.49 – 7.43 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.40 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.16 – 7.11 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.11 – 6.99 (1H, m, Ar-H), 3.39 – 3.36 (1H, m, -OCH_AH_B– ), 3.25 – 3.22 (1H, m, -OCH_AH_B-).¹³C NMR: 163.87 -158.52 (dd, 2 x Ar-C-), 150.88 (Ar-C), 149.16 (Ar-C), 139.21 (Ar-C), 132.39 (Ar-C), 124.49 (Ar-C), 122.17 (Ar-C), 121.87 (d, Ar- C), 119.91 (t, -CF₂-), 110.68 (Ar-C), 103.97 (i, Ar-C), 77.41 (i,-C-OH), 44.17 (-CH₂-NH₂).EXAMPLE 5

Preparation of l-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,l-difluoro-3-(lH-tetrazol-l- yl)propan-2-ol (l-6*-Br or l-7*-Br)

4b-Br or 4c-Br (20.0 g, 1 eq.) was added to acetic acid (50 mL, 2.5 vol) at 25 – 35 °C followed by the addition of anhydrous sodium acetate (4.32 g, 1 eq), trimethyl orthoformate (15.08 g, 2.7 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 – 20 min at this temperature and trimethylsilyl azide (12.74 g, 2.1 eq) was added to the reaction mixture (Chilled water was circulated through the condenser to minimize the loss of trimethylsilyl azide from the reaction mixture by evaporation). The reaction mixture was then heated to 70 – 75 °C and maintained at this temperature for 2 -3 h. The reaction progress was monitored by HPLC. Once the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to 25 – 35 °C and water (200 mL, 10 vol) was added. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (400 mL, 20 vol) and the aqueous layer was back extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL, 5 vol). The combined organic layers were washed with 10 % potassium carbonate solution (3 x 200 mL; 3 x 10 vol) followed by a 10 % NaCl wash (1 x 200 mL, 10 vol). The organic layer was distilled under reduced pressure below 45 °C. The crude obtained was azeotroped with heptanes (3 x 200 mL) to get 21.5g (94 % yield, 99.26 5 purity) of tetrazole 1-6* or 1-7* compound as pale brown solid (low melting solid).1H NMR: δ values with respect to TMS (DMSO-d₆; 400 MHz NMR instrument): 9.13 (1H, Ar-H), 8.74 (1H, Ar-H), 8.22 – 8.20 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.44 (1H, d, J = 7.2 Hz, Ar-H), 7.29 (1H„Ar-H), 7.23 – 7.17 (1H, m, Ar-H), 6.92 – 6.88 (1H, Ar-H), 5.61 (1H, d, J = 1 1.2 Hz, – OCHAHB-), 5.08 (1H, d, J = 5.6 Hz, -OCH_AH_B-).¹³C NMR: 163.67 -161.59 (dd, Ar-C-), 160.60 – 158.50 (dd, Ar-C-), 149.65 (Ar-C), 144.99 (Ar-C), 139.75 (Ar-C), 131.65 (Ar-C), 124.26 (Ar-C), 122.32 (d, Ar-C), 119.16 (t, -CF₂-), 118.70 (d, Ar-C), 1 11.05 (d, Ar-C) 104.29 (t, Ar-C), 76.79 (i,-C-OH), 59.72 (Ar-C), 50.23 (-OCH₂N-). EXAMPLE 6Preparation of 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l , 1 -difluoro-3-( 1 H-tetrazol-1 -yl)-l -(5-(4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (1 or la)A. Preparation of 1 or la via l-6*-Br or l-7*-Br

Synthesis of 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane Potassium carbonate (59.7 g, 2.2 eq.) was added to a slurry of DMF (190 mL, 3.8 Vol.), 4- Bromo phenol (37.4g, 1.1 eq.) and 2,2,2-trifluroethyl tosylate (50.0 g, 1.0 eq.) at 20 – 35 °C under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to 115 – 120 °C and maintained at this temperature for 15 – 18 h. The reaction progress was monitored by GC. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 20 – 35 °C, toluene (200 mL, 4.0 vol.) and water (365 mL, 7. 3 vol.) were added at the same temperature, stirred for 10 – 15 minutes and separated the layers. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (200 mL, 4.0 vol.). The organic layers were combined and washed with a 2M sodium hydroxide solution (175 mL, 3.5 vol.) followed by a 20 % sodium chloride solution (175 mL, 3.5 vol.). The organic layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The toluene layer was transferred into clean reactor, spurged with argon gas for not less than 1 h. Bis(Pinacolato) diborane (47 g, 1.1 eq.), potassium acetate (49.6 g, 3.0 eq.) and 1,4-dioxane (430 mL, 10 vol.) were added at 20 -35 °C, and spurged the reaction mixture with argon gas for at least 1 h. Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (6.88 g, 0.05eq) was added to the reaction mixture and continued the argon spurging for 10 – 15 minutes. The reaction mixture temperature was increased to 70 – 75 °C, maintained the temperature under argon atmosphere for 15 – 35 h and monitored the reaction progress by GC. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 – 35 °C, filtered the reaction mixture through a Celite pad, and washed with ethyl acetate (86 mL, 2 vol.). The filtrate was washed with water (430 mL, 10 vol.). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (258 mL, 6 vol.) and washed the combined organic layers with a 10 % sodium chloride solution (215 mL, 5 vol.). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (43g, 1 time w/w), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure below 45 °C to afford crude 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (65 g; 71 % yield with the purity of 85.18 % by GC). The crude 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (65 g, 1 eq.) was dissolved in 10 % ethyl acetate – n-Heptane (455 mL, 7 vol.) and stirred for 30 – 50 minutes at 20 – 35 °C. The solution was filtered through a Celite bed and washed with 10 % ethyl acetate in n-Heptane (195 mL, 3 vol.). The filtrate and washings were pooled together, concentrated under vacuum below 45 °C to afford 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane as a thick syrup (45.5 g; 70 % recovery). This was then dissolved in 3 % ethyl acetate-n-heptane (4 vol.) and adsorbed on 100 – 200 M silica gel (2 times), eluted through silica (4 times) using 3 % ethyl acetate – n- heptane. The product rich fractions were pooled together and concentrated under vacuum. The column purified fractions (> 85 % pure) were transferred into a round bottom flask equipped with a distillation set-up. The compound was distilled under high vacuum below 180 °C and collected into multiple fractions. The purity of fractions was analyzed by GC (should be > 98 % with single max impurity < 1.0 %). The less pure fractions (> 85 % and < 98 % pure fraction) were pooled together and the distillation was repeated to get 19g (32% yield) of 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(4- (2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane as a pale yellow liquid.*H NMR: δ values with respect to TMS (DMSO-d⁶; 400 MHz):7.64 (2H, d, 6.8 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J = 6.4 Hz), 4.79 (2H, q, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.28 (12H, s).1³C NMR: 159.46 (Ar-C-O-), 136.24 (2 x Ar-C-), 127.77 – 120.9 (q, -CF₃), 122.0 (Ar-C-B), 114.22 (2 x Ar-C-), 64.75 (q, J = 27.5 Hz).Synthesis of 2-(2.4-difluorophenyl)-l.l-difluoro-3-(lH-tetrazol-l-yl)-l-(5-(4-(2.2.2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (1 or la)l-6*-Br or l-7*-Br (14 g, 0.03 mol, 1 eq) was added to tetrahydrofuran (168 mL, 12 vol) at 25 – 35 °C and the resulting solution was heated to 40 – 45 °C. The reaction mixture was maintained at this temperature for 20 – 30 min under argon bubbling. Sodium carbonate (8.59 g, 0.08 mol, 2.5 eq) and water (21 mL, 1.5 vol) were added into the reaction mixture and the bubbling of argon was continued for another 20 – 30 min. 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl-2-(4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)-l,3,2-dioxaborolane (10.76 g, 1.1 eq) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (42 mL, 3 vol) was added into the reaction mixture and argon bubbling was continued for 20 – 30 min. Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (2.65 g, 0.1 eq) was added to the reaction mixture under argon bubbling and stirred for 20 – 30 min (Reaction mixture turned into dark red color). The reaction mixture was heated to 65 – 70 °C and maintained at this temperature for 3 – 4 h. The reaction progress was monitored by HPLC. The reaction mixture was cooled to 40 – 45 °C and the solvent was distilled under reduced pressure. Toluene (350 mL, 25 vol.) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 10 – 15 min followed by the addition of water (140 mL, 10 vol). The reaction mixture was filtered through Hyflo (42 g, 3 times), the layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water (70 mL, 5 vol) and a 20 % w/w sodium chloride solution (140 mL, 10 vol). The organic layer was treated with charcoal (5.6 g, 0.4 times, neutral chalrcoal), filtered through Hyflo. (lS)-lO-Camphor sulfonic acid (7.2 g, 1 eq.) was added to the toluene layer and the resulting mixture was heated to 70 – 75 °C for 2 – 3 h. The reaction mixture was gradually cooled to 25 – 35 °C and stirred for 1 – 2 h. The solids were filtered, washed with toluene (2 x 5 vol.) and then dried under vacuum below 45 °C to afford 18.0 g of an off white solid. The solids (13.5 g, 1 eq.) were suspended in toluene (135 mL, 10 vol) and neutralized by adding 1M NaOH solution (1.48 vol, 1.1 eq) at 25 – 35 °C and stirred for 20 – 30 min. Water (67.5 mL, 5 vol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 10 – 15 min, and then the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (67.5 mL, 5 vol) to remove the traces of CSA. The toluene was removed under reduced pressure below 45 °C to afford crude 1 or la. Traces of toluene were removed by azeotroping with ethanol (3 x 10 vol), after which light brown solid of crude 1 or la (7.5 g, 80% yield) was obtained.The crude 1 or la (5 g) was dissolved in ethanol (90 mL, 18 vol.) at 20 – 35 °C, and heated to 40 – 45 °C. Water (14 vol) was added to the solution at 40 – 45 °C, the solution was maintained at this temperature for 30 – 45 min and then gradually cooled to 20 – 35 °C. The resulting suspension was continued to stir for 16 – 18 h at 20 – 35 °C, an additional amount of water (4 vol.) was added and the stirring continued for 3 – 4 h. The solids were filtered to afford 4.0 g (80% recovery) of 1 or la (HPLC purity >98%) as an off-white solid.1H NMR: δ values with respect to TMS (DMSO-d₆; 400 MHz):9.15 (1H, s, Ar-H), 8.93 (1H, d, J = 0.8 Hz, Ar-H), .8.22 – 8.20 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.80 (2H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.52 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.29 (1H, d,J = 3.2Hz, Ar-H), 7.27 – 7.21 (1H, m, Ar-H), 7.23 – 7.21 (2H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.19 (1H, d, J = 6.8 Hz, Ar-H), 6.93 – 6.89 (1H, m, Ar-H), 5.68 (1H, / = 12 Hz, -CH_AH_B), 5.12 (2H, d, J = 11.6 Hz, -CH_AH_B), 4.85 (2H, q, J = 1.6 Hz).1³C NMR: 163.93 – 158.33 (m, 2 x Ar-C), 157.56 (Ar-C), 149.32 (i, Ar-C), 146.40 (Ar-C), 145.02 (Ar-C), 136.20 (Ar-C), 134.26 (2 x Ar-C), 131.88 – 131.74 (m, AR-C), 129.72 (Ar-C), 128.47 (2 x Ar-C), 123.97 (q, -CF₂-), 122.41 (Ar-C), 119.30 (-CF₃), 118.99 (Ar-C), 115.65 (2 x Ar-C), 110.99 (d, Ar-C), 104.22 (i, Ar-C), 77.41 – 76.80 (m, Ar-C), 64.72 (q, -OCH₂-CF₃), 50.54 (-CH₂-N-).B. Preparation of 1 or la via 4b-Br or 4c-Br

Synthesis of 3-amino-2-(2.4-difluorophenyl)-l.l-difluoro-l-(5-(4-(2.2.2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (8a or 8b)Potassium carbonate (30.4 g) and water (53.3 g) were charged to a 1-L flask equipped with overhead stirring, thermocouple, and nitrogen/vacuum inlet valve, and stirred until dissolved. The boronic acid (19.37 g), a solution of 4b-Br or 4c-Br in 2-butanol (103.5 g, 27.8 g theoretical 4b-Br or 4c-Br)) and 2-BuOH (147.1 g) were added and stirred to form a clear mixture. The flask was evacuated and refilled with nitrogen 3 times. Pd(d f)2Cl2 (0.30 g) was added and stirred to form a light orange solution. The flask was evacuated and refilled with nitrogen 4 times. The mixture was heated to 85 °C and stirred overnight and endpointed by HPLC analysis. The reaction mixture was cooled to 60 °C and the layers were allowed to settle. The aqueous layer was separated. The organic layer was washed with 5% NaCl solution (5 x 100 ml) at 30-40 °C. The organic layer was filtered and transferred to a clean flask with rinses of 2-BuOH. The combined solution was 309.7 g, water content 13.6 wt% by KF analysis. The solution was diluted with 2-BuOH (189 g) and water (10 g). Theoretically the solution contained 34.8 g product, 522 ml (15 volumes) of 2-BuOH, and 52.2 ml (1.5 volumes) of water. L-Tartaric acid (13.25 g) was added and the mixture was heated to a target temperature of 70-75 °C. During the heat-up, a thick suspension formed. After about 15 minutes at 70-72 °C the suspension became fluid and easily stirred. The suspension was cooled at a rate of 10 °C/hour to 25 °C then stirred at 25 °C for about 10 hours. The product was collected on a vacuum filter and washed with 10:1 (v/v) 2-BuOH/water (50 ml) and 2- butanol (40 ml). The salt was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C with a nitrogen purge for 2 days. The yield was 40.08 g of 8a or 8b as a fluffy, grayish-white solid. The water content was 0.13 wt% by KF analysis. The yield was 87.3% with an HPLC purity of 99.48%. Synthesis of 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-l,l-difluoro-3-(lH-tetrazol-l-yl)-l-(5-(4-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (1 or la)To a 350 ml pressure bottle were charged acetic acid (73 ml), 8a or 8b (34.8 g), sodium acetate (4.58 g) and trimethylorthoformate (16.0 g). The mixture was stirred for 18 min. at room temperature until a uniform suspension was obtained. Azidotrimethylsilane (8.88 g) was added and the bottle was sealed. The bottle was immersed in an oil bath and magnetically stirred. The oil bath was at 52 °C initially, and was warmed to 62-64 °C over about ½ hour. The suspension was stirred at 62-64 °C overnight. After 20.5 hours the suspension was cooled to room temperature and sampled. The reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. The reaction was combined with three other reactions that used the same raw material lots and general procedure (total of 3.0 g additional starting material). The combined reactions were diluted with ethyl acetate (370 ml) and water (368 ml) and stirred for about ½ hour at room temperature. The layers were settled and separated. The organic layer was washed with 10% K₂C0₃ solution (370 ml/ 397 g) and 20% NaCl solution (370 ml/ 424 g). The organic layer (319 g) was concentrated, diluted with ethanol (202 g) and filtered, rinsed with ethanol (83 g). The combined filtrate was concentrated to 74 g of amber solution.The crude 1 or la solution in ethanol (74 g solution, containing theoretically 31.9 g 1 or la) was transferred to a 2-L flask equipped with overhead stirring, thermocouple, and addition funnel. Ethanol (335 g) was added including that used to complete the transfer of the 1 or la solution. The solution was heated to nominally 50 °C and water (392 g) was added over 12 minutes. The resulting hazy solution was seeded with 1 or la crystals and stirred at 50 °C. After about ½ hour the mixture was allowed to cool to 40 °C over about ½ hour during which time crystallization started. Some darker colored chunky solid separated out from the main suspension. The pH of the crystallizing mixture was adjusted from 4.5 to 6 using 41% KOH (1.7 g). After about 1 hour a good suspension had formed. Additional water (191 g) was added slowly over ½ hour. The suspension was heated to 50 °C and cooled at 5 °C/min to room temperature. After stirring overnight the suspension was cooled in a water bath to 16 °C and filtered after 1 hour. The wet cake was washed with 55:45 (v/v) water/ethanol (2 x 50 ml) and air-dried on the vacuum filter funnel overnight. Further drying at 40 °C in a vacuum oven with a nitrogen bleed resulted in no additional weight loss. The yield was 30.2 g of off-white fine powder plus some darker granular material. By in-process HPLC analysis there was no difference in the chemical purity of the darker and lighter materials. The purity was 99.4%. The water content was 2.16 wt% by KF analysis. The residual ethanol was 1.7 wt% estimated by ‘Ft NMR analysis. The corrected yield was 29.0 g, 91.0% overall yield for tetrazole formation and crystallization. The melting point was 65 °C by DSC analysis.

/////////OTESECONAZOLE, vt 1161, fungal infection,  Candida albicans infection, onychomycosis, PHASE 3,

C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CN=C(C=C2)C(C(CN3C=NN=N3)(C4=C(C=C(C=C4)F)F)O)(F)F)OCC(F)(F)F

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ABX-464

• Molecular FormulaC₁₆H₁₀ClF₃N₂O
• Averrage mass338.712 Da

SPL-4641258453-75-6[RN]26RU378B9V2-Quinolinamine, 8-chloro-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-8-Chloro-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-2-quinolinamine

EX-A3322, DB14828, SB18690, BS-14770

Abivax is developing ABX464 a lead from HIV-1 splicing inhibitors, which modulates biogenesis of viral RNA, and acts by targeting the Rev protein, for treating HIV infection, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and COVID-19 infection.

In August 2021, ABX464 was reported to be in phase 3 clinical development.

ABX464 is an oral, first-in-class, small molecule that has demonstrated safety and profound anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical trials and in Phase 2a and Phase 2b induction trials to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). Patients who completed the induction studies had the option to roll over into the respective open-label extension studies.
In May 2021, Abivax communicated the top-line results of its randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled Phase 2b induction trial conducted in 15 European countries, the US and Canada in 254 patients. The primary endpoint (statistically significant reduction of Modified Mayo Score) was met with once-daily ABX464 (25mg, 50mg, 100mg) at week 8.

Further, all key secondary endpoints, including endoscopic improvement, clinical remission, clinical response and the reduction of fecal calprotectin showed significant difference in patients dosed with ABX464 compared to placebo. Importantly, ABX464 also showed rapid efficacy in patients who were previously exposed to biologics and/or JAK inhibitors treatment.

In addition to the top-line induction results, preliminary data from the first 51 patients treated with 50mg ABX464 in the Phase 2b open-label maintenance study showed increased and durable clinical remission and endoscopic improvement after 48 weeks of treatment.

Based on the positive results from the Phase 2a and Phase 2b studies, Abivax plans to advance ABX464 into a Phase 3 clinical program by the end of 2021.

• Originator Splicos
• Developer Abivax
• Class Anti-inflammatories; Antirheumatics; Antivirals; Small molecules
• Mechanism of Action MicroRNA stimulants; Rev gene product inhibitors; RNA cap-binding protein modulators

• Phase II/III COVID 2019 infections
• Phase II Crohn’s disease; Rheumatoid arthritis; Ulcerative colitis
• DiscontinuedHIV infections

• 24 Jun 2021 Discontinued – Phase-II for HIV infections (Adjunctive treatment, Treatment-experienced) in France (PO) (Abivax pipeline, June 2021)
• 24 Jun 2021 Discontinued – Phase-II for HIV infections (Treatment-experienced, Adjunctive treatment) in Belgium (PO) (Abivax pipeline, June 2021)
• 24 Jun 2021
• Discontinued – Phase-II for HIV infections (Treatment-experienced, Adjunctive treatment) in Spain (PO) (Abivax pipeline, June 2021)

Evotec and Abivax in small-molecule pact

by Michael McCoy

September 18, 2017 | A version of this story appeared in Volume 95, Issue 37

The contract research firm Evotec will work with Abivax, a French biotech company, to develop new treatments for viral diseases. Abivax has developed a library of more than 1,000 small molecules designed to inhibit mRNA biogenesis. At its facility in Toulouse, France, Evotec will optimize Abivax’s drug candidates and help develop new drugs for influenza, Dengue, and other viral infections. Abivax’s lead candidate, ABX464, is in Phase II clinical trials as an HIV/AIDS treatment.

PATENT

WO 2010143170

WO 2010143168

WO 2010143169

EP 2974729

WO 2016009065

WO 2017158201

PATENT

WO2016009065

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016009065

Buchwald-Hartwig coupling of 2,8-dichloroquinoline (I) with 4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline (II) using Pd(OAc)2, Cs2CO3 and xantphos or Pd2dba3, K2CO3 and xphos in t-BuOH

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/US10253020B2/en

US 20170226095

COMPD 90

• (90) 8-chloro-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]quinolin-2-amine

Example 5: Compound (90) of the Table IAccording to route (A), a mixture of 2,8-dichloroquinoline (984 mg) and 4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline (743 μL), Pd(OAc)₂ (22 mg), XantPhos (58 mg) and Cs₂CO₃ (4.6 g) in 20 mL of t-BuOH gave compound (90) (1.1 g).¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84 (d, J=9.1, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.9, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=1.2, 7.6, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=1.1, 8.0, 1H), 7.18 (s, 3H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.9, 1H).¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 153.88, 144.30, 143.91, 139.00, 138.25, 131.13, 130.13, 126.55, 125.42, 123.45, 122.50, 122.17, 120.49, 119.10, 113.24.

PAPER

Tetrahedron Letters (2018), 59(23), 2277-2280.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040403918305641

Abstract

A solvent-free Buchwald-Hartwig amination had been developed under high-speed ball-milling conditions, which afforded the desired products with moderate to high yields. The addition of sodium sulfate was found to be crucial for improving both the performance and the reproducibility. Comparative solvent-free stirring experiments implicated the importance of mechanical interaction for the transformation, and the inert gas was proved to be unnecessary for this amination.

Graphical abstract

PATENT

WO2015001518

COMPD 90

PATENT

WO-2021152131

Novel co-crystalline polymorphic forms and salts of ABX464 , useful for treating inflammatory diseases, cancer, and diseases caused by viruses eg HIV, severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 infection including strains responsible for COVID-19 and their mutants.

W02010/143169 application describes the preparation and use of compounds, and in particular quinoline derivatives including certain pharmaceutically acceptable salts useful in the treatment of HIV infection. Said application in particular discloses 8-Chloro-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)quinolin-2-amine also named (8-chloro-quinoline-2-yl)-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl) -amine which is currently under clinical development. The inventors have stated that ABX464 is naturally highly crystalliferous and thus is spontaneously present under a specific unique stable and crystalline form named “crystalline form I”.

W02017/158201 application deals with certain mineral acid or sulfonic acid salts of ABX464.

ABX464 has a poor solubility in aqueous solutions. The main drawback of said poor solubility is that the active ingredient cannot entirely reach their targets in the body if the drug remains undissolved in the gastrointestinal system.

PATENT

WO2021152129 ,

amorphous solid dispersion (eg tablet) comprising ABX464.

PATENT

WO2020127839

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020127839

use of quinoline derivatives (ie ABX464) for treating cancer and dysplasia.

///////////ABX464, ABX 464, phase 3 ,  SPL 464, EX A3322, DB14828, SB18690, BS 14770

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Verdiperstat

AZD 3241; BHV-3241

CAS No. : 890655-80-8

1-(2-propan-2-yloxyethyl)-2-sulfanylidene-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one

4H-​Pyrrolo[3,​2-​d]​pyrimidin-​4-​one, 1,​2,​3,​5-​tetrahydro-​1-​[2-​(1-​methylethoxy)​ethyl]​-​2-​thioxo-

1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-one

l-(2-Isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one

• Molecular FormulaC₁₁H₁₅N₃O₂S
• Average mass253.321 Da

AZD-3241, BHV-3421, UNII-TT3345YXVR, TT3345YXVR, BHV-3241, WHO 10251вердиперстат [Russian] [INN]فيرديبيرستات [Arabic] [INN]维地泊司他 [Chinese] [INN]

• OriginatorAstraZeneca
• DeveloperAstraZeneca; Biohaven Pharmaceuticals
• ClassAntiparkinsonians; Ethers; Organic sulfur compounds; Pyrimidinones; Small molecules
• Mechanism of ActionPeroxidase inhibitors

• Orphan Drug StatusYes – Multiple system atrophy
• Phase IIIMultiple system atrophy

• Phase II/IIIAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• DiscontinuedParkinson’s disease

• 23 Jun 20213574186: Added patent info and HE
• 23 Jun 2021Biohaven Pharmaceuticals has patents pending for the composition of matter of verdiperstat, pharmaceutical compositions and various neurological diseases in Europe, Japan and other countries
• 01 Nov 2020Brigham and Women’s Hospital plans a phase I trial for Multiple System Atrophy in USA , (NCT04616456)

EU/3/14/1404: Orphan designation for the treatment of multiple system atrophy

This medicine is now known as verdiperstat.

On 16 December 2014, orphan designation (EU/3/14/1404) was granted by the European Commission to Astra Zeneca AB, Sweden, for 1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-one for the treatment of multiple system atrophy.

The sponsorship was transferred to Richardson Associates Regulatory Affairs Limited, Ireland, in March 2019.

The sponsorship was transferred to Biohaven Pharmaceutical Ireland DAC, Ireland, in September 2021.

Key facts

VERDIPERSTAT

For Initial Indications in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Verdiperstat is a first-in-class, potent, selective, brain-penetrant, irreversible myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme inhibitor. Verdiperstat was progressed through Phase 2 clinical trials by AstraZeneca. Seven clinical studies were completed by AstraZeneca, including four Phase 1 studies in healthy subjects, two Phase 2a studies in subjects with Parkinson’s Disease, and one Phase 2b study in subjects with MSA. These Phase 2 clinical studies provide evidence that verdiperstat achieves peripheral target engagement (i.e., reduces MPO specific activity in plasma) and central target engagement in the brain and offer proof of its mechanism of action (i.e., reduce microglial activation and neuroinflamation).

A Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of verdiperstat in MSA is currently ongoing. A Phase 2/3 trial to evaluate the efficacy of verdiperstat in ALS is currently ongoing as part of the HEALEY ALS Platform Trial.

Verdiperstat has received Fast Track and Orphan Drug designations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicine Agency due to the unmet medical needs in MSA.

Verdiperstat Overview

DESCRIPTIONClick to expendFirst-in-class, brain-penetrant, irreversible inhibitor of MPO

CLINICAL STATUSClick to expendOver 250 healthy volunteers and patients have been treated with verdiperstat in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. A Phase 3 study in MSA is currently underway and a Phase 2/3 study in ALS is currently enrolling.
Verdiperstat (AZD3241) is a selective, irreversible and orally active myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 630 nM, and can be used in the research of neurodegenerative brain disorders.

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PATENTWO 2006062465https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2006062465A1/enExample 9 l-(2-Isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one (a) 3-[(2-Isopropoxyethyl)ωnino]-lH-pyrwle-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester Trichlorocyanuric acid (1.84 g, 7.93 mmol) was added to a solution of 2- isopropoxyethanol (0.75 g, 7.21 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 °C and TEMPO (0.022 g, 0.14 mmol) was carefully added in small portions. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 20 minutes then filtered through Celite and washed with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was kept cold, 0 °C, during filtration. The aldehyde solution was added to a stirred mixture of 3-amino-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ester (0.83 g, 5.41 mmol) and HOAc (0.62 mL, 10.8 mmol) at 0 °C in methanol (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then NaCNBH₃ (0.34 g, 5.41 mmol) was added. After stirring at r.t for 2 h, the solution was evaporated onto silica and purified by flash column chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate gradient; 0 to 100% ethyl acetate) to yield the title compound (0.75 g, 58%) as an oil. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.72 (IH, br s), 6.76-6.74 (IH, m), 5.66-5.65 (IH, m), 5.34(1H, br s), 4.17 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 3.59-3.49 (3H, m), 3.15 (2H, q, J=5.6 Hz), 1.26 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.10 (3H, s), 1.08 (3H, s); MS (ESI) m/z 241 (M +1).(b) l-(2-Isopropoxyethyl)-2-thioxo-l,2,3,5-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one The title compound (0.17 g, 23%) was prepared in accordance with the general method B using 3-[(2-isopropoxyethyl)amino]-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (0.7 g, 2.91 mmol) and ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate (0.40 mL, 3.50 mmol).¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.74 (2H, br s), 7.35 (IH, d, J=2.8 Hz), 6.29 (IH, d, J=3.0Hz), 4.49 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.72 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.60-3.58 (IH, m), 1.02 (3H, s), 1.01 (3H, s);MS (ESI) m/z 254 (M +1).

/////////verdiperstat, вердиперстат , فيرديبيرستات , 维地泊司他 , WHO 10251, AZD-3241, BHV-3421, UNII-TT3345YXVR, TT3345YXVR, BHV-3241, AZD 3241, BHV 3241, BHV 3421

CC(C)OCCN1C2=C(C(=O)NC1=S)NC=C2

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IMIPRIDONE

CAS No. : 1616632-77-9

Molecular Weight, 386.4964

Related CAS #: 41276-02-2 (TIC10 isomer)   1616632-77-9 (free base)   1638178-82-1 (HCl)   1777785-71-3 (HBr)   2007141-57-1 (2HBr)

TIC 10, 0NC 201, OP 10

Synonym: ONC201; ONC 201; ONC-201; NSC350625; NSC-350625; NSC 350625; TIC10; TIC 10; TIC-10; TRAIL inducing compound 10; imipridone

7-benzyl-4-(2-methylbenzyl)-1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrido[3,4-e]pyrimidin-5(4H)-one

2,4,6,7,8,9-Hexahydro-4-((2-methylphenyl)methyl)-7-phenylmethyl)imidazo)(1,2-a)pyrido(3,4-e)pyrimidin-5(1H)-one

ONC-201 Dihydrochloride

459.4

UNII-53VG71J90J

53VG71J90J

Q27896336

1638178-82-1

Imidazo(1,2-a)pyrido(3,4-E)pyrimidin-5(1H)-one, 2,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-4-((2-methylphenyl)methyl)-7-(phenylmethyl)-, hydrochloride (1:2)

• A TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent.

TIC10 (ONC-201) is a potent, orally active, and stable tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) inducer which acts by inhibiting Akt and ERK, consequently activating Foxo3a and significantly inducing cell surface TRAIL. TIC10 can cross the blood-brain barrier.

ONC-201, also known as TIC10, is a potent, orally active, and stable small molecule that transcriptionally induces TRAIL in a p53-independent manner and crosses the blood-brain barrier. TIC10 induces a sustained up-regulation of TRAIL in tumors and normal cells that may contribute to the demonstrable antitumor activity of TIC10. TIC10 inactivates kinases Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), leading to the translocation of Foxo3a into the nucleus, where it binds to the TRAIL promoter to up-regulate gene transcription. TIC10 is an efficacious antitumor therapeutic agent that acts on tumor cells and their microenvironment to enhance the concentrations of the endogenous tumor suppressor TRAIL.

Akt/ERK Inhibitor ONC201 is a water soluble, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt (protein kinase B) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Akt/ERK inhibitor ONC201 binds to and inhibits the activity of Akt and ERK, which may result in inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal transduction pathway as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK-mediated pathway. This may lead to the induction of tumor cell apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL death receptor type 5 (DR5) signaling in AKT/ERK-overexpressing tumor cells. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and MAPK/ERK pathway are upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation, differentiation and survival by inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, ONC201 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

SYN

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 19(39), 8497-8501; 2021

Herein, we present a copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of 2-aminoimidazolines and ortho-halo(hetero)aryl carboxylic acids that causes the regioselective formation of angularly fused tricyclic 1,2-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]quinazolin-5(4H)-one derivatives. The reaction involved in the construction of the core six-membered pyrimidone moiety proceeded via regioselective N-arylation–condensation. The presented protocol been successfully applied to accomplish the total synthesis of TIC10/ONC201, which is an active angular isomer acting as a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL): a sought after anticancer clinical agent.

7-Benzyl-4-(2-methylbenzyl)-1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrido[3,4-e]pyrimidin-5(4H)-one (6): Pale orange semi-solid, 202 mg (0.521 mmol), 52 % Rf = 0.25 (CH3OH/CHCl3 5:95); IR 1490, 1610, 1644, 2882, 2922 cm-1 ; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.54 (t, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 2H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.84-3.91 (m, 4H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 7.02-7.04 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.26- 7.34 (m, 5H). 13C{1H}-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 19.3, 26.8, 43.4, 46.9, 48.2, 49.6, 50.45, 62.3, 102.1, 125.2, 125.9, 126.8, 127.4, 128.45, 129.2, 130.2, 134.2, 135.6, 137.9, 145.7, 153.3, 161.4; MS (ESI, m/z): [M+H]+ 387; HRMS (ESI, m/z): calcd for C24H27N4O [M+H]+ found 387.2183.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017132661A2/en

Scheme 1.

Scheme 2.

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CLIP

https://mdanderson.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/discovery-and-clinical-introduction-of-first-in-class-imipridone-Discovery and clinical introduction of first-in-class imipridone ONC201

Abstract

ONC201 is the founding member of a novel class of anti-cancer compounds called imipridones that is currently in Phase II clinical trials in multiple advanced cancers. Since the discovery of ONC201 as a p53-independent inducer of TRAIL gene transcription, preclinical studies have determined that ONC201 has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against a broad range of tumor cells but not normal cells. The mechanism of action of ONC201 involves engagement of PERK-independent activation of the integrated stress response, leading to tumor upregulation of DR5 and dual Akt/ERK inactivation, and consequent Foxo3a activation leading to upregulation of the death ligand TRAIL. ONC201 is orally active with infrequent dosing in animals models, causes sustained pharmacodynamic effects, and is not genotoxic. The first-in-human clinical trial of ONC201 in advanced aggressive refractory solid tumors confirmed that ONC201 is exceptionally well-tolerated and established the recommended phase II dose of 625 mg administered orally every three weeks defined by drug exposure comparable to efficacious levels in preclinical models. Clinical trials are evaluating the single agent efficacy of ONC201 in multiple solid tumors and hematological malignancies and exploring alternative dosing regimens. In addition, chemical analogs that have shown promise in other oncology indications are in pre-clinical development. In summary, the imipridone family that comprises ONC201 and its chemical analogs represent a new class of anti-cancer therapy with a unique mechanism of action being translated in ongoing clinical trials.

////////////IMIPRIDONE, TIC 10, ONC 201, NSC 350625, OP 10, Fast Track Designation, Orphan Drug Designation, Rare Pediatric Disease Designation, PHASE 3, GLIOMA, CHIMERIX

O=C1N(CC2=CC=CC=C2C)C3=NCCN3C4=C1CN(CC5=CC=CC=C5)CC4

COBITOLIMOD

[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphinothioyl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphinothioyl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphinothioyl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-[[[(2R,3S,5R)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphinothioyl]oxymethyl]oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphinothioyl]oxymethyl]-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphinothioyl]oxymethyl]-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate

DNA, d(G-s^p-G-s^p-A-s^p-A-C-A-G-T-T-C-G-T-C-C-A-T-s^p-G-s^p-G-s^p-C)

Molecular Formula, C185-H233-N73-O106-P18-S6

• Molecular Weight

• 5925.2087

MF C185H233N73O106P18S6

CAS 1226822-98-5

• WHO 10066,
  • IDX 0150,
    • DIMS 0150,
      • Kappaproct
• Treatment of Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis

• DNA based oligonucleotide that activates toll-like receptor 9.
• UNII: 328101264R
• DNA, d(g-SP-g-SP-a-SP-a-c-a-g-t-t-c-g-t-c-c-a-t-SP-g-SP-g-SP-C)

Other Names

• DNA d(G-s^p-G-s^p-A-s^p-A-C-A-G-T-T-C-G-T-C-C-A-T-s^p-G-s^p-G-s^p-C)
• 1: PN: WO2007004977 SEQID: 1 claimed DNA
• 1: PN: WO2007050034 PAGE: 29 claimed DNA
• 1: PN: WO2013076262 SEQID: 1 claimed DNA

PATENT

WO/2022/112224COBITOLIMOD DOSAGE FOR SELF-ADMINISTRATION

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the rectal and colonic mucosa, affecting the innermost lining in the first stage. The disease is recurrent, with both active and inactive stages that differ in pathology, symptoms and treatment. The underlying cause of UC is not understood, nor is it known what triggers the disease to recur between its inactive and active forms (Irvine, EJ (2008) Inflamm Bowel Dis 14(4): 554-565). Symptoms of active UC include progressive loose stools with blood and increased frequency of bowel movements. Active mucosal inflammation is diagnosed by endoscopy.

The stools contain pus, mucous and blood and are often associated with abdominal cramping with urgency to evacuate (tenesmi). Diarrhoea may have an insidious onset or, more rarely, start quite suddenly. In severe cases the symptoms may include fever and general malaise. In severe stages, deep inflammation of the bowel wall may develop with abdominal tenderness, tachycardia, fever and risk of bowel perforation. Furthermore, patients with UC may suffer extra intestinal manifestations such as arthralgia and arthritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum and inflammation in the eyes. In the case of remission or inactive UC, patients are usually free of bowel symptoms.

The extent of inflamed and damaged mucosa differs among patients with UC. UC that affects only the rectum is termed ulcerative proctitis. The condition is referred to as distal or left sided colitis when inflammatory changes are present in the left side of the colon up to the splenic flexure. In extensive UC the transverse colon is also affected, and pancolitis designates a disease involving the entire colon.

Active mucosal inflammation is diagnosed by endoscopy and is characterized by a loss of vascular patterning, oedema, petechia, spontaneous bleeding and fibrinous exudates. The endoscopic picture is that of continuous inflammation, starting in the rectum and extending proximally to a variable extent into the colon. Biopsies obtained at endoscopy and subjected to histological examination help to diagnose the condition. Infectious causes, including Clostridium difficile, camphylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella, may mimic UC and can be excluded by stool cultures.

The medical management of UC is divided into treatment of active disease and maintenance of remission.

The treatment of patients with active UC aims to reduce inflammation and promote colon healing and mucosal recovery. In milder cases the disease may be controlled with conventional drugs including sulphasalazine, 5 -aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) (Sutherland, L., F. Martin, S. Greer, M. Robinson, N. Greenberger, F. Saibil, T Martin, J. Sparr, E. Prokipchuk and L. Borgn (1987) Gastroenterology 92: 1894-1898) and glucocorticosteroids (GCS) (Domenech, E., M. Manosa and E. Cabre (2014). Dig Dis 32( 4): 320-327).

GCS are generally used to treat disease flare-ups and are not recommended for maintenance of remission since there are significant side effects in long-term use, and the possible development of steroid dependent disease. Glucocorticoid drugs act non-selectively, so in the long run they may impair many healthy anabolic processes. As a result, maintenance treatment with systemic GCS is not advised (Prantera, C. and S.

Marconi (2013) Therap Adv Gastroenterol 6(2): 137-156).

For patients who become refractory to GCS and suffer from severe or moderately severe attacks of UC, the addition of immunomodulatory agents such as cyclosporine, 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine may be used. However, immunomodulators are slow-

acting and the induction of remission in these patients is often temporary (Khan, KJ, MC Dubinsky, AC Ford, TA Ullman, NJ Talley and P. Moayyedi (2011) Am J Gastroenterol 106(4): 630-642).

Further treatment options for UC include biologic agents (Fausel, R. and A. Afzali (2015) Ther Clin Risk Manag 11: 63-73). The three TNF-α inhibitors currently approved for the treatment of moderate to severe UC are infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab. All three carry potential risks associated with their use, and should be avoided in certain patients, eg those with uncontrolled infections, advanced heart failure, neurologic conditions and in patients with a history of malignancy, due to a potential risk of accelerating the growth of a tumor. Other potential adverse effects of TNF-α inhibitor therapy include neutropenia, hepatotoxicity, serum sickness, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, rash including psoriasiform rash, induction of autoimmunity, and injection or infusion site reactions, including anaphylaxis, convulsions, and hypotension.

All three TNF-α inhibitor agents and their related biosimilar/derivative counterparts may be used to induce and maintain clinical response and remission in patients with UC.

Combination therapy with azathioprine is also used for inducing remission.

However, more than 50% of patients receiving TNF-α inhibitor agents fail to respond to induction dosing, or lose response to the TNF-α inhibitor agents over time (Fausel, R. and A. Afzali (2015) Ther Clin Risk Manag 11 : 63-73).

Vedolizumab, an a4b7 integrin inhibitor, was recently approved for the treatment of UC. In the GEMINI 1 trial, vedolizumab was found to be more effective than placebo for inducing and maintaining clinical response, clinical remission, and mucosal healing (Feagan, BG, P. Rutgeerts, BE Sands, S. Hanauer, JF Colombel, WJ Sandbom, G. Van Assche, J. Axler, HJ Kim, S. Danese, I. Fox, C. Milch, S. Sankoh, T. Wyant, J. Xu, A. Parikh and GS Group (2013) “Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis.” N Engl J Med 369(8): 699-710.).

Ulcerative colitis patients, who are chronically active and refractory to known treatments pose a serious medical challenge and often the only remaining course of action is

colectomy. A total colectomy is a potentially curative option in severe UC, but is a life-changing operation that entails risks as complications, such as pouch failure, pouchitis, pelvic sepsis, infertility in women, and nocturnal faecal soiling, may follow. Therefore, surgery is usually reserved for patients with severe refractory disease, surgical or other emergencies, or patients with colorectal dysplasia or cancer.

An emerging third line treatment for UC is cobitolimod (Kappaproct/DIMS0150), a modified single strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-based synthetic oligonucleotide of 19 bases in length. Cobitolimod has the sequence 5′- G*G*A*ACAGTTCGTCCAT*G*G*C-3′ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein the CG dinucleotide is unmethylated.

Cobitolimod functions as an immunomodulatory agent by targeting the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) present in immune cells. These immune cells (ie, B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDCs) reside in high abundance in mucosal surfaces, such as colonic and nasal mucosa. The immune system is the key mediator of the changes of UC. The mucosa of the colon and rectum of patients with UC is chronically inflamed and contains active immune cells. Cobitolimod may be topically administered in the region of inflammation, which places the drug in close contact with a high number of intended target cells, ensuring that the drug will reach an area rich in TLR9 expressing cells.The activation of these cells by cobitolimod induces various cytokines,

The clinical efficacy of cobitolimod has been demonstrated in the “COLLECT” (CSUC-01/10 ) clinical trial, which involved the administration to patients of 30 mg doses of cobitolimod, at 4 week intervals and also in the “CONDUCT” (CSUC- 01/16 ) clinical trial, which involved testing different dosage regimes. The details of the “COLLECT” trial were published in Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis (Atreya et al. J Crohn’s Colitis, 2016 May 20) and are summarized in Reference Example 1. The details of the “CONDUCT” clinical trial were published in The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Atreya et al 2020. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Dec;5(12): 1063-1075) and are summarized in Reference Example 2. Overall, data on cobitolimod support a positive benefit-risk

assessment for patients with chronic UC which is in an active phase (occasionally referred to herein as “chronic active UC”). Cobitolimod is safe and well tolerated and has been shown to be effective to induce clinical response and remission in patients with chronic UC which is in an active phase, as well as symptomatic and endoscopic remission in patients with treatment refractory, moderate to severe chronic UC which is in an active phase. Despite the clinical trial results obtained this far, there still remains a need for additional effective dosages of cobitolimod which exhibit both good efficacy and safety.

In the COLLECT study, which involved administration of a relatively low (30mg) dose of cobitolimod, topical administration of cobitolimod was performed using a spray catheter device, administered during an endoscopy. This is an invasive medical procedure which is necessarily carried out by a medical professional. Further, before the topical administration of the cobitolimod to the patients, the colon of each patient was cleaned to remove faecal matter. That was done to enable the cobitolimod to reach the intestinal epithelial cells within the colon and to enable the endoscopist to view the colonic mucosa. Thus, it is well known in the art that oligonucleotides such as cobitolimod bind to organic matter such as faeces.

As noted above, patients suffering from chronic ulcerative colitis, who are in an active disease state and refractory to known treatments pose a serious medical challenge and often the only remaining course of action is colectomy. For this reason, patients will tolerate medical intervention which requires both colonic cleaning to remove faecal matter and topical administration via spray catheter, despite the inconvenience and discomfort involved in such invasive procedures. However, it would be therapeutically desirable to provide a topical treatment for ulcerative colitis patients which does not require colonic cleaning to remove faecal matter and which, preferably, can be self-administered by the patient.

PATENTS

• WO2001074344
• WO2005080568
• WO2007004977
• WO2007004979
• WO2007050034
• EP2596806
• WO2018206722
• WO2018206713
• WO2018206711
• WO2020099585
• WO2021037764

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InDex Pharmaceuticals enters phase III study of the drug candidate cobitolimod

InDex Pharmaceuticals enters agreement with Parexel Biotech for phase III clinical study of cobitolimod for ulcerative colitis

https://www.healthcareradius.in/clinical/28719-index-pharmaceuticals-enters-phase-iii-study-of-the-drug-candidate-cobitolimod

InDex Pharmaceuticals Holding AB (publ) announced that the company has entered an agreement for services with global clinical research organisation (CRO) Parexel Biotech for the phase III study CONCLUDE. The study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of the drug candidate cobitolimod for the treatment of moderate to severe left-sided ulcerative colitis.

“We are excited to advance cobitolimod into phase III, which is the final stage of development before applying for market approval. After the successful collaboration in our recent phase IIb study CONDUCT, we are very pleased to collaborate once again with Parexel Biotech as our clinical development partner”, says Peter Zerhouni, CEO of InDex Pharmaceuticals. “Parexel Biotech is a leading global CRO with considerable experience managing phase III studies in inflammatory bowel disease, which will ensure an efficient execution of the study.”

CONCLUDE is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global phase III study to evaluate cobitolimod as a novel treatment for patients with moderate to severe left-sided ulcerative colitis. The induction study will include approximately 400 patients, and the primary endpoint will be clinical remission at week 6. Patients responding to cobitolimod in the induction study will be eligible to continue in a one-year maintenance study, where they will be treated with either cobitolimod or a placebo.
Apart from the dosing 250 mg x 2, which was the highest dose and the one that showed the best efficacy in the phase IIb study CONDUCT, the phase III study will also evaluate a higher dose, 500 mg x 2, in an adaptive study design. This higher dose has the potential to provide even better efficacy than what was observed in the phase IIb study.

“We are pleased to partner with InDex Pharmaceuticals on phase III clinical trial CONCLUDE to evaluate a potential new therapy for patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis,” said Jim Anthony, Senior Vice President and Global Head, Parexel Biotech. “Our collaboration with InDex Pharmaceuticals demonstrates our commitment to designing innovative solutions that draw from our global clinical experience and therapeutic expertise to fulfil unmet medical needs on behalf of patients worldwide.”

///////////COBITOLIMOD, WHO 10066, IDX 0150, DIMS 0150, Kappaproct

CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)C2CC(C(O2)COP(=O)(O)OC3CC(OC3COP(=O)(O)OC4CC(OC4COP(=O)(O)OC5CC(OC5COP(=O)(O)OC6CC(OC6COP(=O)(O)OC7CC(OC7COP(=S)(O)OC8CC(OC8COP(=S)(O)OC9CC(OC9COP(=S)(O)OC1CC(OC1CO)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)N1C=CC(=NC1=O)N)N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=CC(=NC1=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=CC(=NC1=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=CC(=NC1=O)N)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=NC2=C(N=CN=C21)N)OP(=O)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=C(C(=O)NC1=O)C)OP(=S)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=S)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=NC2=C1N=C(NC2=O)N)OP(=S)(O)OCC1C(CC(O1)N1C=CC(=NC1=O)N)O

Smiles

CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]3O[C@H](C[C@@H]3OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]4O[C@H](C[C@@H]4OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]5O[C@H](C[C@@H]5OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]6O[C@H](C[C@@H]6OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]7O[C@H](C[C@@H]7OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]8O[C@H](C[C@@H]8OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]9O[C@H](C[C@@H]9OP(=S)(O)OC[C@H]%10O[C@H](C[C@@H]%10OP(=S)(O)OC[C@H]%11O[C@H](C[C@@H]%11OP(=S)(O)OC[C@H]%12O[C@H](C[C@@H]%12O)N%13C=CC(=NC%13=O)N)n%14cnc%15C(=O)NC(=Nc%14%15)N)n%16cnc%17C(=O)NC(=Nc%16%17)N)N%18C=C(C)C(=O)NC%18=O)n%19cnc%20c(N)ncnc%19%20)N%21C=CC(=NC%21=O)N)N%22C=CC(=NC%22=O)N)N%23C=C(C)C(=O)NC%23=O)n%24cnc%25C(=O)NC(=Nc%24%25)N)N%26C=CC(=NC%26=O)N)[C@@H](COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]%27C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%27COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]%28C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%28COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]%29C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%29COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]%30C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%30COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]%31C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%31COP(=S)(O)O[C@H]%32C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%32COP(=S)(O)O[C@H]%33C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%33COP(=S)(O)O[C@H]%34C[C@@H](O[C@@H]%34CO)n%35cnc%36C(=O)NC(=Nc%35%36)N)n%37cnc%38C(=O)NC(=Nc%37%38)N)n%39cnc%40c(N)ncnc%39%40)n%41cnc%42c(N)ncnc%41%42)N%43C=CC(=NC%43=O)N)n%44cnc%45c(N)ncnc%44%45)n%46cnc%47C(=O)NC(=Nc%46%47)N)N%48C=C(C)C(=O)NC%48=O)O2)C(=O)NC1=O

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TEREVALEFIM

Molecular Formula

• C9-H8-N2-S

Molecular Weight

• 176.2382

RN: 1070881-42-3
UNII: GG91UXK2M5

• 5-((E)-2-Thiophen-2-yl-vinyl)-lh-pyrazole
• 1H-Pyrazole, 3-((1E)-2-(2-thienyl)ethenyl)-

• ANG-3777
• SNV-003

• OriginatorAngion Biomedica
• ClassAnti-ischaemics; Antifibrotics; Heart failure therapies; Pyrazoles; Small molecules; Thiophenes; Urologics; Vascular disorder therapies
• Mechanism of ActionProto oncogene protein c met stimulants
• Orphan Drug StatusYes – Renal failure

• Phase IIIDelayed graft function
• Phase IIAcute kidney injury; Acute lung injury; Renal failure
• PreclinicalBrain injuries
• No development reportedHeart failure
• DiscontinuedHepatic fibrosis; Myocardial infarction; Stroke

• 02 Aug 2022Vifor Pharma has been acquired by CSL and renamed to CSL Vifor
• 14 Dec 2021Efficacy and adverse events data of a phase II GUARD trial in Acute kidney injury released by the company
• 26 Oct 2021Top-line efficacy and adverse events data from the phase III trial GIFT (Graft Improvement Following Transplant) trial in Delayed graft function released by Angion Biomedica and Vifor Pharma

Terevalefim, an hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mimetic, selectively activates the c-Met receptor.

PATENT

WO 2004/058721

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2004058721

PATENT

PCT Application No. PCT/US2003/040917, filed December 19, 2003 and published as WO2004/058721 on July 15, 2004, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, describes certain compounds that act as HGF/SF mimetics . Such compounds include terevalefim:

Terevalefim has been demonstrated to be remarkably useful for treatment of a variety of conditions including, for example, fibrotic liver disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, cerebral infarction, ischemic heart disease, renal disease, lung fibrosis, damaged and/or ischemic organs, transplants or grafts, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, and renal fibrosis, among others (see, for example, WO 2004/058721, WO 2010/005580, US 2011/0230407, US 7879898, and WO 2009/064422, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.) Exemplary methods of using terevalefim for, eg, treating delayed graft function after kidney transplantation and acute lung injury, are described in WO 2021/087392 and WO 2021/183774, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In particular, Terevalefim is or has been the subject of clinical trials for delayed graft function in recipients of a deceased donor kidney (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02474667), acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02771509), and COVID -19 pneumonia (Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04459676). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that terevalefim’s HGF mimetic capability imparts a variety of beneficial attributes and activities.

[0035] Terevalefim has a CAS Registry No. of 1070881-42-3 and is also known by at least the following names:

● 3-[(1E)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethen-1-yl]-1H-pyrazole; and

● (E)-3-[2-(2-thienyl)vinyl]-1H-pyrazole.

Synthesis of Terevalefim

[0057] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing compounds useful as HGF/SF mimetics, such as terevalefim. A synthesis of terevalefim is described in detail in Example 7 of WO 2004/058721 (“the ‘721 Synthesis”). The ‘721 Synthesis is depicted in Scheme 1:

The ‘721 Synthesis includes certain features which are not desirable for preparation of terevalefim at scale and/or with consistency and/or with suitable purity for use in humans. For example, the ‘721 Synthesis includes preparation of aldehyde compound 1.2, a viscous oil that is difficult to purify with standard techniques. Additionally, the ‘721 Synthesis uses a diethoxyphosphorylacetaldehyde tosylhydrazone reagent in step 1-2. As such, step 1-2 has poor atom economy and results in multiple byproducts that must be purified away from the final product of terevalefim. Step 1-2 also uses sodium hydride, a highly reactive base that can be difficult to control and often results in byproducts that must be purified away from the final product of terevalefim. Such purification steps can be costly and time-consuming. In some embodiments, the present disclosure encompasses the recognition that one or more features of the ‘721 Synthesis can be improved to increase yield and/or increase reliability and/or increase scale and/or reduce byproducts. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides such a synthesis, as detailed herein.

[0059] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a synthesis of terevalefim as depicted in Scheme 2:

Scheme 2

wherein X and R ¹ are defined below and in classes and subclasses as described herein.

[0060] It will be appreciated that compounds described herein, eg, compounds in Scheme 2, may be provided and/or utilized in a salt form. For example, compounds which contain a basic nitrogen atom may form a salt with a suitable acid. Alternatively and/or additionally, compounds which contain an acidic moiety, such as a carboxylic acid group, may form a salt with a suitable base. Suitable counterions are well known in the art, eg, see generally, March ‘s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, MB Smith and J.

March, 5 ^th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2001. All forms of the compounds in Scheme 2 are contemplated by and within the scope of the present disclosure.

Step 2-1 of Scheme 2

[0061] Step 2-1 includes a condensation-elimination reaction between commercially available thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde (1.1) and acetone to provide an α,β-unsaturated ketone compound (2.1).

[0062] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method comprising steps of:

(i) providing compound 1.1:

(ii) contacting compound 1.1 with acetone in the presence of a suitable base,

to compound provide 2.1:

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///////TEREVALEFIM, ANG-3777, SNV-003, Phase 3, Delayed graft function

C(=C\c1cccs1)/c2cc[nH]n2

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Evobrutinib

429.5 g/mol,C₂₅H₂₇N₅O₂

• Evobrutinib
• 1415823-73-2
• Evobrutinib [INN]
• 1-(4-(((6-amino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
• MSC2364447C

• MSC2364447C
• M-2951
• MSC-2364447C
• ZA45457L1K
• 1-[4-[[[6-amino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]methyl]piperidin-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one
• M2951

Evobrutinib is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03934502 (Effect of Meal Composition and Timing on Evobrutinib Bioavailability).

Evobrutinib is an inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, evobrutinib inhibits the activity of BTK and prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. This prevents both B-cell activation and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways, which leads to the inhibition of the growth of malignant B-cells that overexpress BTK. BTK, a member of the Src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in B-lymphocyte development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival.

Evobrutinib is in clinical development to investigate its potential as a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). It is an oral, highly selective inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) which is important in the development and functioning of various immune cells including B lymphocytes and macrophages.

Evobrutinib is designed to inhibit primary B cell responses such as proliferation and antibody and cytokine release, without directly affecting T cells. BTK inhibition is thought to suppress autoantibody-producing cells, which preclinical research suggests may be therapeutically useful in certain autoimmune diseases.

U.S. Patent No. 9073947 discloses a pyrimidine derivative of Evobrutinib which chemically named as l-(4-(((6-amino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)

piperidin-l-yl)prop-2-en-l-one and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

U.S. Patent No. 9073947 and ‘Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2019, 62(17), 7643-7655’ discloses process for the preparation of Evobrutinib which involves column purifications and lyophilisation methods to provide Evobrutinib with low yield, which is not viable at large scale production.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnume.2021.820235/full

Radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]Evobrutinib. [¹¹C]Evobrutinib was synthesized similarly to the Tolebrutinib example above with the following exceptions. First, the precursor 5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-N4-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)pyrimidine-4,6-diamine (4) (1 mg, 2.7 μmol) was used and the crude reaction mixture after the carbonylation reaction was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (column: Luna C18(2), 5 μ (250 x 9.6 mm); mobile phase: 44% MeCN in 200 mM ammonium formate; flow rate: 5 ml/min; UV: 254 nm). The [¹¹C]1-(4-(((6-amino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one ([¹¹C]evobrutinib) was isolated between the 15.5 and 18 min mark of the chromatogram and this sample was collected into a dilution flask that contained 50 ml of a 2 mg/ml sodium ascorbate aqueous solution. This solution was transferred to an HLB light (30 mg) SPE cartridge. After transfer, the cartridge was eluted with 1 ml of ethanol into the sterile product vial that contained 4 ml of sterile saline. Using this method, 2.2 ± 0.6 GBq (81.4 ± 22.2 mCi) [¹¹C]evobrutinib was isolated (n = 3), and the product was analyzed via reverse phase HPLC using the following methods. Method A described above and Method B (Isocratic and molar activity): column: Luna C18(2) 3-μm (250×4.6 mm); mobile phase Isocratic: 36% acetonitrile in aqueous 0.1% TFA; flow rate: 1.3 ml/min; UV: 254 nm. Method A was used to confirm chemical identity using a co-injection of non-radioactive standard. Radiochemical purity and molar activity were determined by Method B. [¹¹C]Evobrutinib was confirmed by co-injection with a verified non-radioactive reference standard. A_m was determined using a 4-point standard curve (analytical HPLC peak area) (Y) vs. standard concentration (X: in nmol) by comparison with an evobrutinib reference standard of known concentration (2.3 mg in 1 ml). The isolated [¹¹C] evobrutinib was co-eluted with a non-radioactive reference standard. The sample was >99% radiochemically pure, >95% chemically pure (HPLC, UV: 254 nm), with a molar activity of 496.5 ± 74 GBq/μmol (13.4 Ci/μmol) The overall synthesis time from the end of cyclotron bombardment was 37–46 min.

Patent

U.S. Patent No. 9073947

PAPER

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2019, 62(17), 7643-7655

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00794

Step 4

To a 20 mL vial was added 5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-N-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)pyrimidine-4,6-diamine (210.00 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.00 equiv), sodium bicarbonate (70.48 mg, 0.84 mmol, 1.50 equiv), THF (8.00 mL, 98.74 mmol, 176.55 equiv), and water (0.80 mL, 44.41 mmol, 79.40 equiv). The mixture was cooled to 0 °C on an ice bath. Acryloyl chloride (0.15 mL, 1.83 mmol) was then added dropwise. The ice bath was removed, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12 h before it was purified by silica gel chromatography (25 g KPNH silica, 0–100% methanol/ethyl acetate) to afford the title compound (A18) (21 mg, 8.7% yield) was synthesized with a similar protocol to prepared as described in the main body of the article. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.93 (s, 1 H), 7.40–7.08 (m, 9H), 6.76 (dd, J = 4 Hz, 1 H), 6.04 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H), 5.61 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H), 5.43 (s, 2H), 4.34 (d, J = 12 Hz, 1 H), 3.98 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 3.12 (m, 2H), 2.95 (m, 1 H), 2.56 (m, 1 H), 1.81 (m, 1 H), 1.59 (m, 2H), 0.92 (m, 2H). [ES-MS] (ESI+): m/z calcd for C₂₅H₂₈N₅O₂ [M + H]⁺ 430, found 430.

PATENT

Examples:

Example-1: Preparation of tert-butyl 4-(((6-amino-5-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino) met hy 1 jpiperid ine- 1 -carboxylate

Tert-butyl-4-(aminomethyl)piperidine-l -carboxylate (81 ml) and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (60.34 g) were added to a mixture of 5,6-dichloropyrimidin-4-amine (50 g) in N,N-dimethylformamide (500 ml) at 25-35°C. Heated the mixture to 90-95°C and stirred for 22 hrs. Cooled the mixture to 25-30°C. Water was added to the mixture at 25-35°C and stirred for 5 hrs. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with water and n-heptane and dried to get the title compound. Yield: 73.0 gms; Purity by HPLC: 98.7%

Example-2: Preparation of tert-butyl 4-(((6-amino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl) amino)methyl)piperidine-l-carboxylate

(4-Phenoxyphenyl)boronic acid (75.12 g) was added to a mixture of tert-butyl 4-(((6-amino-5-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)piperidine-l-carboxylate(100 g), 2-di cyclo hexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (12 g) and potassium carbonate (121.28 g) in 1,4-di oxane (1000 ml) at 25-30°C and stirred for 30 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere. Palladium acetate (1.96 g) was added to the mixture at 25-30°C. Heated the mixture to 100-105°C and stirred for 3 hrs. Cooled the mixture to 25-30°C. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the mixture at 25-35°C and stirred for 30 minutes. Filtered the mixture by using hyflow bed. Organic layer was separated from the filtrate. Organic layer was treated with carbon powder and distilled-off the solvent under reduced pressure, n-heptane (800 ml) was added to the obtained compound. Heated the mixture to 60-65°C and stirred for 90 minutes. Cooled the mixture to 25-30°C and stirred for 2 hrs. Filtered the precipitated solid, washed with n-heptane and dried to get the title compound. Yield: 120 gms, Purity by HPEC: 97.6% Example-3: Preparation of 5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-N4-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)pyrimidine-4,6-diamine

Tert-butyl-4-(((6-amino-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl) piperidine- 1 -carboxylate (200 g) in methanol (600 ml) was cooled to 0-5°C. Hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate (500 ml) was slowly added to the mixture at 0-5°C. Mixture allowed to warm to 25-30°C and stirred for 20 hours. Water was added to the mixture and treated the mixture with aqueous ammonia solution. Dichloromethane was added to the mixture at 25-30°C and stirred for 10 minutes. Layers were separated and distilled-off the organic layer under reduce pressure. Obtained compound was treated with isopropyl ether and dried to get the title compound. Yield: 150 gms, Purity by HPLC: 76.4%

Example-4: Preparation of Evobrutinib

Sodium bicarbonate (23.86 g) and water (301 ml) were added to the mixture of 5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-N4-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)pyrimidine-4,6-diamine (70 g) in tetrahydrofuran (2800 ml). Cooled the mixture to 0-5°C. Acryloyl chloride (23.62 g) was slowly added to the mixture. Mixture allowed to warm to 25-30°C and stirred for 20 hrs. Distilled-off the solvent from the mixture under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate and water were added to the mixture and stirred for 10 minutes. Both the layers were separated. Organic layer was treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and carbon powder. Distilled-off the organic layer under reduced pressure. Isopropyl ether was added to the mixture at 25-30°C and stirred for 14 hrs. Filtered the mixture and washed with isopropyl ether. Dried to get the title compound.

Yield: 41.8 gms, Purity by HPLC: 97.6%

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//////////PHASE 3, MSC2364447C, M-2951, MSC-2364447C, ZA45457L1K, M2951, M 2951, Evobrutinib

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ZASTAPRAZAN

2133852-18-1

362.5 g/mol, C₂₂H₂₆N₄O

• 1-Azetidinyl[8-[[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methyl]amino]-2,3-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl]methanone (ACI)
• azetidin-1-yl-[8-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)methylamino]-2,3-dimethylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl]methanone

JAQBO; JP-1366; OCN-101; Zastaprazan citrate – Onconic Therapeutics, UNII-W9S9KZX5MD

• Originator Onconic Therapeutics
• Class Anti-inflammatories; Antiulcers; Azetidines; Imidazoles; Methylamines; Pyridines; Small molecules
• Mechanism of Action Potassium-competitive acid blockers

Highest Development Phases

• Registered Erosive oesophagitis
• Phase III Gastric ulcer; Peptic ulcer
• 19 Jul 2024Onconic Therapeutics completes a phase III trial in Gastric ulcer in South Korea (PO) (NCT05448001)
• 03 Jun 2024Onconic Therapeutics plans a phase III trial for Peptic ulcer (Prevention) in South Korea (PO, Capsule) (NCT06439563)
• 29 May 2024Interim efficacy data from a phase III ZERO-1 trial in erosive esophagitis released by Onconic Therapeutics

Zastaprazan (JP-1366) is a proton pump inhibitor (WO2018008929). Zastaprazan can be used for the research of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases or gastric acid-related diseases.

SCHEME

Patent

WO2018008929

PATENT

KR1777971 

//////////ZASTAPRAZAN, JAQBO, JP-1366, OCN-101, Zastaprazan citrate, Onconic Therapeutics, Erosive oesophagitis, Phase 3, Gastric ulcer, Peptic ulcer

ATICAPRANT

JNJ-67953964, WHO 10582

1174130-61-0

BENZAMIDE, 4-(4-(((2S)-2-(3,5-DIMETHYLPHENYL)-1-PYRROLIDINYL)METHYL)PHENOXY)-3-FLUORO-

C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₂,  418.512

• 4-[4-[[(2S)-2-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)-1-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]phenoxy]-3-fluorobenzamide (ACI)
• (S)-4-(4-((2-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide
• 4-(4-{[(2S)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]methyl}phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzamide
• Aticaprant
• CERC 501
• JNJ 67953964
• JNJ 67953964AAA
• LY 2456302
• S-Aticaprant
• CERC-501
• JSPA 0658 JSPA-0658 JSPA0658
• LY 2456302 LY-2456302 , LY2456302

• OriginatorEli Lilly and Company
• DeveloperAvalo Therapeutics; Eli Lilly and Company; Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine
• ClassAntidepressants; Benzamides; Benzene derivatives; Drug withdrawal therapies; Fluorinated hydrocarbons; Pyrrolidines; Smoking cessation therapies
• Mechanism of ActionOpioid kappa receptor antagonists

• Phase III Major depressive disorder
• DiscontinuedAlcoholism; Cocaine-related disorders; Smoking withdrawal
• 26 Jun 2024Janssen Research & Development initiates a phase III VENTURA-7 trial for Major depressive disorder (Adjunctive treatment) in USA (PO, Tablet) (NCT06514742) (EudraCT2024-511557-21-00)
• 01 Oct 2023Janssen Pharmaceuticals is now called Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine (Janssen Pharmaceuticals website, October 2023)
• 19 May 2023Chemical structure information added

Aticaprant, also known by its developmental codes JNJ-67953964, CERC-501, and LY-2456302, is a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist which is under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.^[2][3][4] A regulatory application for approval of the medication is expected to be submitted by 2025.^[2] Aticaprant is taken by mouth.^[1]

Side effects of aticaprant include itching, among others.^[4][5] Aticaprant acts as a selective antagonist of the KOR, the biological target of the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin.^[3] The medication has decent selectivity for the KOR over the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and other targets, a relatively long half-life of 30 to 40 hours, and readily crosses the blood–brain barrier to produce central effects.^[4][6]

Aticaprant was originally developed by Eli Lilly, was under development by Cerecor for a time, and is now under development by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.^[2] As of July 2022, it is in phase 3 clinical trials for major depressive disorder.^[2] Like other kappa opioid antagonists currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of major depression, its efficacy may be compromised by the countervailing activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia within the CNS.^[7]

Aticaprant was also under development for the treatment of alcoholism, cocaine use disorder, and smoking withdrawal, but development for these indications was discontinued.^[2]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Aticaprant is a potent, selective, short-acting (i.e., non-“inactivating”) antagonist of the KOR (K_i = 0.81 nM vs. 24.0 nM and 155 nM for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR), respectively; approximately 30-fold selectivity for the KOR).^[8][9][10] The drug has been found to dose-dependently block fentanyl-induced miosis at 25 mg and 60 mg in humans (with minimal to no blockade at doses of 4 to 10 mg), suggesting that the drug significantly occupies and antagonizes the MOR at a dose of at least 25 mg but not of 10 mg or less.^[10] However, a more recent study assessing neuroendocrine effects of the drug in normal volunteers and subjects with a history of cocaine dependence reported observations consistent with modest MOR antagonism at the 10 mg dose.^[11] In animal models of depression, aticaprant has been found to have potent synergistic efficacy in combination with other antidepressants such as citalopram and imipramine.^[12]

Positron emission tomography imaging revealed that brain KORs were almost completely saturated by the drug 2.5 hours following a single dose of 10 mg, which supported the 4 mg to 25 mg dosages that aticaprant is being explored at in clinical trials.^[13][14] Occupancy was 35% for a 0.5 mg dose and 94% for a 10 mg dose.^[15][14] At 24 hours post-dose, receptor occupancy was 19% for 0.5 mg and 82% for 25 mg.^[15][14] No serious side effects were observed, and all side effects seen were mild to moderate and were not thought to be due to aticaprant.^[14]

Pharmacokinetics

The oral bioavailability of aticaprant is 25%.^[1] The drug is rapidly absorbed, with maximal concentrations occurring 1 to 2 hours after administration.^[1] It has an elimination half-life of 30 to 40 hours in healthy subjects.^[1] The circulating levels of aticaprant increase proportionally with increasing doses.^[1] Steady-state concentrations are reached after 6 to 8 days of once-daily dosing.^[1] Aticaprant has been shown to reproducibly penetrate the blood–brain barrier.^[13][14]

History

Aticaprant was originally developed by Eli Lilly under the code name LY-2456302.^[2] It first appeared in the scientific literature in 2010 or 2011.^[16][17] The compound was first patented in 2009.^[18]

In February 2015, Cerecor Inc. announced that they had acquired the rights from Eli Lilly to develop and commercialize LY-2456302 (under the new developmental code CERC-501).^[19]

As of 2016, aticaprant has reached phase II clinical trials as an augmentation to antidepressant therapy for treatment-resistant depression.^[20][12] A phase II study of aticaprant in heavy smokers was commenced in early 2016 and results of the study were expected before the end of 2016.^[14] Aticaprant failed to meet its main endpoint for nicotine withdrawal in the study.^[21]

In August 2017, it was announced that Cerecor had sold its rights to aticaprant to Janssen Pharmaceuticals.^[22][21] Janssen was also experimenting with esketamine for the treatment of depression as of 2017.^[21]

Research

In addition to major depressive disorder, aticaprant was under development for the treatment of alcoholism, cocaine use disorder, and smoking withdrawal.^[2] However, development for these indications was discontinued.^[2]

See also

κ-Opioid receptor § Antagonists

• List of investigational antidepressants

SCHEME

SYNTHESIS

WO/2024/178082COMPOSITION OF OPIOID RECEPTOR MODULATOR AND MDMA FOR USE THEREOF

WO/2024/173843QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES WHICH ACT AS KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

20240238245COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION

20240189274Compositions And Methods For The Treatment Of Depression

WO/2024/102802ZELATRIAZIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION

WO/2024/100285TREATMENT OF A COGNITIVE DISORDER WITH AN AGENT THAT INCREASES THE..

117615757Compositions and methods for treating depression

117142999Racemization method of drug intermediate

20230348377PURE FORMS OF CRYSTALLINE ATICAPRANT

WO/2023/170550POLYMORPH FORMS OF ATICAPRANT FOR USE IN TREATING MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

WO/2023/170547PURE FORMS OF CRYSTALLINE ATICAPRANT

20230277499Forms of aticaprant

20230277500COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING ATICAPRANT

WO/2023/164385NEUROACTIVE STEROIDS FOR TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES OR CONDITIONS

20090186873Kappa selective opioid receptor antagonist

WO/2009/094260KAPPA SELECTIVE OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

20100197669Kappa selective opioid receptor antagonist

2252581KAPPA SELECTIVE OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

201500053151-substituted 4-arylpiperazine as kappa opioid receptor antagonists

WO/2013/0864961-SUBSTITUTED 4-ARYLPIPERAZINE AS KAPPA OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

101925576Kappa selective opioid receptor antagonist

PAPERS

ACS Omega (2020), 5(41), 26938-26945 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.0c04329

REF https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.0c04329/suppl_file/ao0c04329_si_001.pdf

N-Methoxy-N-methyl-4-chlorobutyramide (S1). To a mixture of N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (95.0 mmol, 9.27 g) in CH2Cl2 (150 mL) was
added 2 M NaOH (300 mmol, 150 mL) and 4-chlorobutyryl chloride (100 mmol,
11.2 mL) at 0 ˚C. The mixture was stirred for 42 h at room temperature. The
organic phase was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 × 50 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with 2 M NaOH (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated
to afford the title comlund in 75% yield as a colorless liquid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 2.08-2.15
(m, 2H), 2.63 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (s, 3H), 3.64 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H).
13C{
1H} NMR (100
MHz, CDCl3) : 27.1, 28.6, 32.1, 44.6, 61.1. IR (max/cm-1
): 2965, 2940, 2821, 1656, 14421, 1417, 1387,
1178, 1107, 997. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for [M+Na]+
: 188.0449, found: 188.0450.

4-Chloro-1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)butan-1-one (S2). To a mixture of N-methoxy-N-methyl-4-chlorobutyramide (S1, 65.0 mmol, 10.8 g) in anhydrous Et2O
(100 mL) was added dropwise 3,5-dimethylphenylmagnesium bromide (ca. 1 M
in Et2O, ca. 130 mmol, prepared from 1-bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene (130 mmol,
17.7 mL) and Mg turnings (169 mmol, 4.11 g) in anhydrous Et2O (130 mL)) over 1 h at -40 ˚C under Ar.
The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h. After cooling to 0 ˚C, saturated NH4Cl
solution (200 mL) was added. The organic phase was separated, washed with water (100 mL) and brine
(100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, and filtered. After concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/EtOAc as eluent) to afford the title compound in 91% yield as a greenish
yellow liquid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 2.18-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 6H), 3.15 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H),
3.67 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 2H). 13C{
1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) : 21.2, 26.8, 35.4,
44.7, 125.8, 134.8, 136.8, 138.3, 199.4. IR (max/cm-1
): 3047, 3006, 2961, 2920, 2868, 1443, 1411, 1322,
1303, 1181, 1159, 844, 785, 687. HRMS (APCI+): calculated for [M+H]+
: 211.0884, found: 211.0884.

(RS)-N-(4-Chloro-1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)butylidene)-tertbutanesulfinamide (S3). Ti(OEt)4 (100 mol, 21.0 mL) was added to a mixture
of (RS)-tert-butanesulfinamide (1.0 M in THF, 50 mmol, 50 mL) and 4-chloro1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)butan-1-one (S2, 50.0 mmol, 10.5 g) under N2. The mixture was refluxed for 48 h. After cooling to room temperature, brine (100 mL)
was added, and the resulting mixture was filtered over Celite using EtOAc (ca.
300 mL). The organic was separated, dried over Na2SO4, and filtered. After concentration under reduced
pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/EtOAc as eluent) to
afford the title compound in 57% yield as a brown viscous liquid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 1.33
(s, 9H), 2.10-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 6H), 3.27 (s, 1H), 3.43 (s, 1H), 3.64 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (s, 1H),
7.47 (s, 2H).
13C{
1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) : 21.3, 22.7, 30.2, 31.6, 44.7, 57.7, 125.2, 133.4, 137.6,
138.2, 178.6. IR (max/cm-1
): 3046, 2958, 2922, 2866, 1599, 1577, 1455, 1361, 1320, 1308, 1069, 856.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for [M+H]
+
: 314.1340, found: 314.1344. []D
20 +11.0 (c = 1.01, CH2Cl2).

(RS,S)-1-tert-Butylsulfinyl-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine (S4). To a solution of (RS)-N-(4-chloro-1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)butylidene)-tert-butanesulfinamide
(S3, 25.6 mmol, 8.06 g) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) at -78 °C was added LiBEt3H
(28 mmol, 0.5 M in THF, 28.2 mL) under Ar. The reaction was stirred at -78 °C for
1 h, subsequently allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred for additional
20 h. Saturated NaHCO3 solution (80 mL) was slowly added. The mixture was filtered and extracted
with EtOAc (3 × 100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over Na2SO4 and filtered. After
concentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/EtOAc as eluent)
to afford the title compound in 72% yield as pale yellow solid. mp.: 56 ˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
: 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.74-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.93-2.02 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 2.94-3.02 (m, 1H),
3.85-3.91 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.59 (m, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.90 (s, 2H).
13C{
1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) :
21.3, 23.8, 26.3, 36.0, 42.1, 57.2, 69.2, 125.0, 128.7, 137.7, 143.2. IR (max/cm-1
): 3023, 2957, 2920,
2866, 1607, 1471, 1360, 1061, 957, 847. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for [M+Na]+
: 302.1549, found:
302.1548. []D
20
-137 (c = 0.49, CH2Cl2)

(S)-2-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (1j•HCl). To a solution
of (RS,S)-1-tert-butylsulfinyl-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine (S4, 14.7 mmol,
4.12 g) in dioxane (250 mL) was added dropwise HCl (ca. 150 mmol, 4 M in dioxane, 38 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under N2, and
then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Then, Et2O (200 mL) was added to the residue
and the mixture was cooled to 0 ˚C. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with Et2O (40
mL), and dried under reduced pressure to afford the title compound in 94% yield as white solid. mp.: 198
˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) : 2.00-2.15 (m, 3H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 2.27-2.35 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.36 (m, 2H),
4.45 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H). 13C{
1H} NMR (100 MHz, D2O) : 20.9, 24.19, 30.9,
46.0, 63.8, 119.79, 125.6, 131.4, 135.3, 140.1. IR (max/cm-1
): 3033, 3012, 2970, 2855, 2743, 2571, 2480,
1608, 1590, 1414, 850. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for [M-Cl]
+
: 176.1434, found: 176.1435. []D
20 +7.1
(c = 1.01, MeOH).

(S)-2-(3,5-Dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine (1j). To a suspension of (S)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (1j•HCl, 13.5 mmol, 2.86 g) in anhydrous Et2O
(200 mL) was added a saturated solution of NaHCO3 (200 mL). The resulting mixture
was stirred for 20 min at room temperature. The organic was separated and the aqueous
phase was extracted with Et2O (2 × 100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO4 and
filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as a pale yellow
liquid in 99% yield.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 1.60-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.98 (s, 1H),
2.11-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 2.95-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.23 (m, 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (s,
1H), 6.97 (s, 2H). 13C{
1H} NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) : 21.3, 25.5, 34.2, 46.9, 62.6, 124.2, 128.4, 137.8,
144.7. IR (max/cm-1
): 3332, 3010, 2960, 2915, 2869, 1605, 1458, 1101, 845. HRMS (ESI+): calculated
for [M+H]+
: 176.1434, found: 176.1436. []D
20
-30.5 (c = 1.01, MeOH). Chiral HPLC (ChiralPak ODH,  4.6 mm × L 250 mm, hexane:2-propanol = 90:10, 0.5 mL/min,  = 254 nm): tR/min = 18.7 (1%),
19.8 (99%).

3-Fluoro-4-(4-formylphenoxy)benzonitrile2
(S5). A mixture of 3,4-
difluorobenzonitrile (35.0 mmol, 4.87 g), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (35.0
mmol, 4.27 g), and K2CO3 (70.0 mmol, 9.67 g) in N,N-dimethylacetamide
(90 mL) was stirred at 100 ˚C for 2 h under N2. After cooling, the reaction
mixture was poured into ice water. White precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as pale yellow
solid in 82% yield. mp.: 101 ˚C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : 7.11-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.20 (t, J = 8.2 Hz,
1H), 7.49-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J = 9.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.94 (m, 2H), 9.98 (s, 1H).
13C{
1H} NMR
(100 MHz, CDCl3) : 109.1 (d, 3
JC-F = 8.2 Hz), 117.1 (d, 4
JC-F = 2.5 Hz), 117.9, 121.3 (d, 2
JC-F = 21.3 Hz),
122.5 (d, 4
JC-F = 1.6 Hz), 129.6 (d, 3
JC-F = 4.1 Hz), 132.1, 132.7, 147.0 (d, 2
JC-F = 11.5 Hz), 153.6 (d, 1
JCF = 254.8 Hz), 160.7, 190.4. IR (max/cm-1
): 3100, 3060, 2846, 2812, 2761, 2232, 1697, 1687, 1585, 1497,
1277, 1216, 1166, 1114, 836. HRMS (APCI+): calculated for [M+H]+
: 242.0612, found: 242.0616.

3-Fluoro-4-(4-formylphenoxy)benzamide2
(2f). To a mixture of 3-
fluoro-4-(4-formylphenoxy)benzonitrile (S5, 26.0 mmol, 6.27 g) and
K2CO3 (13.0 mmol, 1.80 g) in DMSO (24 mL) was added dropwise 35%
H2O2 (ca. 29 mmol, 3.1 mL) at 10 ˚C over 5 min. The reaction mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was
poured into ice water. White precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried under
reduced pressure to afford the title compound as white solid in 92% yield. mp. 129 ˚C. 1H NMR (400
MHz, (D3C)2SO) : 9.96 (s, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.93 (dd, J = 1.9, 10.0 Hz, 1H),

7.85-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.42 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H).
13C{
1H} NMR (100
MHz, (D3C)2SO) : 116.6 (d, 2
JC-F = 19.7 Hz), 116.9, 122.6, 125.1 (d, 4
JC-F = 3.3 Hz), 131.9 (d, 2
JC-F =
21.3 Hz), 132.1, 132.7 (d, 3
JC-F = 5.7 Hz), 143.7 (d, 3
JC-F = 12.3 Hz), 153.1 (d, 1
JC-F = 248.2 Hz), 161.3,
165.8, 191.5. IR (max/cm-1
): 3356, 3185, 2844, 1668, 1598, 1504, 1433, 1382, 1269, 1218, 1156, 1128,

830. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for [M+Na]
     +
     : 282.0537, found: 282.0541. HRMS (APCI+): calculated
     for [M+H]+
     : 260.0717, found: 260.0716.

NEXT

Reaction Chemistry & Engineering (2022), 7(8), 1779-1785

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2011), 54(23), 8000-8012

References

^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i} Li W, Sun H, Chen H, Yang X, Xiao L, Liu R, et al. (2016). “Major Depressive Disorder and Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists”. Translational Perioperative and Pain Medicine. 1 (2): 4–16. PMC 4871611. PMID 27213169.

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h} “CERC 501”. Adis Insight. 30 January 2018.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Browne CA, Wulf H, Lucki I (2022). “Kappa Opioid Receptors in the Pathology and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder”. In Liu-Chen LY, Inan S (eds.). The Kappa Opioid Receptor. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 271. pp. 493–524. doi:10.1007/164_2020_432. ISBN 978-3-030-89073-5. PMID 33580854. S2CID 231908782.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Reed B, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ (2022). “Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Mood and Substance Use Disorders”. In Liu-Chen LY, Inan S (eds.). The Kappa Opioid Receptor. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 271. pp. 473–491. doi:10.1007/164_2020_401. ISBN 978-3-030-89073-5. PMID 33174064. S2CID 226305229.
4. ^ Krystal AD, Pizzagalli DA, Smoski M, Mathew SJ, Nurnberger J, Lisanby SH, et al. (May 2020). “A randomized proof-of-mechanism trial applying the ‘fast-fail’ approach to evaluating κ-opioid antagonism as a treatment for anhedonia”. Nature Medicine. 26 (5): 760–768. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0806-7. PMC 9949770. PMID 32231295. S2CID 256839849.
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6. ^ Missig G, Fritsch EL, Mehta N, Damon ME, Jarrell EM, Bartlett AA, et al. (January 2022). “Blockade of kappa-opioid receptors amplifies microglia-mediated inflammatory responses”. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 212: 173301. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173301. PMC 8748402. PMID 34826432.
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Further reading

• Carlezon WA, Krystal AD (October 2016). “Kappa-Opioid Antagonists for Psychiatric Disorders: From Bench to Clinical Trials”. Depression and Anxiety. 33 (10): 895–906. doi:10.1002/da.22500. PMC 5288841. PMID 27699938.
• Li W, Sun H, Chen H, Yang X, Xiao L, Liu R, et al. (2016). “Major Depressive Disorder and Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists”. Translational Perioperative and Pain Medicine. 1 (2): 4–16. PMC 4871611. PMID 27213169.
• Dhir A (January 2017). “Investigational drugs for treating major depressive disorder”. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 26 (1): 9–24. doi:10.1080/13543784.2017.1267727. PMID 27960559. S2CID 45232796.
• Reed B, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ (2017). “Endogenous opioid system in addiction and addiction-related behaviors”. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 13: 196–202. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.002. ISSN 2352-1546. S2CID 53149180.
• Rakesh G, Pae CU, Masand PS (August 2017). “Beyond serotonin: newer antidepressants in the future”. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 17 (8): 777–790. doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1341310. PMID 28598698. S2CID 205823807.
• Helal MA, Habib ES, Chittiboyina AG (December 2017). “Selective kappa opioid antagonists for treatment of addiction, are we there yet?”. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 141: 632–647. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.012. PMID 29107424.
• McHugh KL, Kelly JP (2018). “Modulation of the central opioid system as an antidepressant target in rodent models”. The Opioid System as the Interface between the Brain’s Cognitive and Motivational Systems. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 239. pp. 49–87. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.003. ISBN 9780444641670. PMID 30314569.
• Bailey SJ, Husbands SM (June 2018). “Targeting opioid receptor signaling in depression: do we need selective κ opioid receptor antagonists?”. Neuronal Signaling. 2 (2): NS20170145. doi:10.1042/NS20170145. PMC 7373229. PMID 32714584.
• Chavkin C (August 2018). “Kappa-opioid antagonists as stress resilience medications for the treatment of alcohol use disorders”. Neuropsychopharmacology. 43 (9): 1803–1804. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0046-4. PMC 6046055. PMID 29752444.
• Krystal AD, Pizzagalli DA, Mathew SJ, Sanacora G, Keefe R, Song A, et al. (December 2018). “The first implementation of the NIMH FAST-FAIL approach to psychiatric drug development”. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery. 18 (1): 82–84. doi:10.1038/nrd.2018.222. PMC 6816017. PMID 30591715.
• Lazar MA, McIntyre RS (2019). “Novel Therapeutic Targets for Major Depressive Disorder”. Neurobiology of Depression. pp. 383–400. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813333-0.00034-2. ISBN 9780128133330. S2CID 86782597.
• Browne CA, Lucki I (September 2019). “Targeting opioid dysregulation in depression for the development of novel therapeutics”. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 201: 51–76. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.009. PMC 6859062. PMID 31051197.
• Banks ML (2020). “The Rise and Fall of Kappa-Opioid Receptors in Drug Abuse Research”. In Nader MA, Hurd YL (eds.). Substance Use Disorders. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 258. pp. 147–165. doi:10.1007/164_2019_268. ISBN 978-3-030-33678-3. PMC 7756963. PMID 31463605.
• Browne CA, Jacobson ML, Lucki I (2020). “Novel Targets to Treat Depression: Opioid-Based Therapeutics”. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 28 (1): 40–59. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000242. PMID 31913981. S2CID 210120636.
• Jacobson ML, Browne CA, Lucki I (January 2020). “Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Stress-Related Disorders”. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 60: 615–636. doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023317. PMID 31914893. S2CID 210121357.
• Mercadante S, Romualdi P (2020). “The Therapeutic Potential of Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor-based Treatments”. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 27 (12): 2012–2020. doi:10.2174/0929867326666190121142459. PMID 30666905. S2CID 58558833.

External links

Aticaprant – Eli Lilly and Company/Janssen Pharmaceuticals – AdisInsight

//////ATICAPRANT, CERC-501, JSPA 0658, JSPA-0658, JSPA0658, LY 2456302, LY-2456302, LY2456302, Phase 3, ELI LILLY, Major depressive disorder, JNJ-67953964, WHO 10582