Saracatinib
NCGC00241099, cas 379231-04-6

893428-71-2 (trihydrate)

N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)ethoxy]-5-[(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy]-4-quinazolinamine

N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydropyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine

4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yI)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline

4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l -yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline

AZD0530

C₂₇H₃₂ClN₅O₅

542.03

AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP

Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a highly selective, orally available, dual-specific Src/Abl kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 2.7 and 30 nM for c-Src and Abl kinase, respectively.Saracatinib (AZD0530) demonstrated potent antimigratory and antiinvasive effects in vitro, and inhibited metastasis in a murine model of bladder cancer. Antiproliferative activity of AZD0530 in vitro varied between cell lines (IC50=0.2 ~10 mM).

c-Src, Bcr–Abl, Yes1, Lck.target

AZD0530 is orally available 5-, 7-substituted anilinoquinazoline with anti-invasive and anti-tumor activities. AZD0530 is a dual-specific inhibitor of Src and Abl, protein tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. This agent binds to and inhibits these tyrosine kinases and their effects on cell motility, cell migration, adhesion, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Specifically, AZD0530 inhibits Src kinase-mediated osteoclast bone resorption.

AZD-0530 is a highly selective, dual-specific small molecule Src/Abl kinase inhibitor currently in phase II/III clinical trials at AstraZeneca for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Phase II clinical trials are also under way at the company for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological neoplasms. The Mayo Clinic is developing AZD-0530 in phase II clinical studies for the treatment of metastatic pancreas cancer.

Additional phase II trials are under way at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for the treatment of colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, stage II or IV melanoma and thymic malignancies. A phase II trial for pancreatic cancer has been suspended. Src and Abl kinase are highly expressed in various human tumor types. No recent development has been reported for research into the treatment of head and neck cancer.

Phase II study of Saracatinib (AZD0530) for for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer : Nine patients were treated on study. After a median of 2 cycles (range 1-3), no patient had achieved CR, PR, or SD >6 months. The median time to treatment failure was 82 days (12-109 days).The majority (89%) of patients discontinued saracatinib because of disease progression. One patient acquired potentially treatment-related grade 4 hypoxia with interstitial infiltrates and was removed from the study. Common adverse events included fatigue, elevated liver enzymes, nausea, hyponatremia, dyspnea, cough, and adrenal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS:  These efficacy results were not sufficiently promising to justify continued accrual to this study. Based on this series, saracatinib does not appear to have significant single-agent activity for the treatment of patients with ER(-)/PR(-) MBC. (source: Clin Breast Cancer. 2011 Oct;11(5):306-11.)

Phase II study of  Saracatinib (AZD0530) in patients with metastatic or locally advanced gastric or gastro esophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma:  Saracatinib has insufficient activity as a single agent in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma to warrant further investigation. Further development in gastric cancer would require rational drug combinations or identification of a tumor phenotype sensitive to Src inhibition. (source: Invest New Drugs. 2011 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print]).

Phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530) for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Nine patients were enrolled. All patients had received prior radiotherapy and six patients had received prior chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic disease. The most common adverse event was fatigue. Eight patients had progression of disease by response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) within the first eight-week cycle and one patient was removed from the study after 11 days due to clinical decline with stable disease according to the RECIST criteria. Median overall survival was six months. The study was closed early due to lack of efficacy according to the early stopping rule. CONCLUSION: Single-agent saracatinib does not merit further study in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC. (source: Anticancer Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):249-53.)

893428-72-3　Saracatinib difumarate

893428-73-4 also

Saracatinib (AZD0530) is a Src inhibitor for c-Src with IC50 of 2.7 nM.

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WO 2001094341

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2001094341A9?cl=en

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WO 2006064217

http://www.google.fm/patents/EP1871769A2?cl=en

4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l -yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline which compound is disclosed as Compound No. 73 within the Table in Example 14 of International Patent Application WO 01/94341. That compound is described herein by way of the Formula I

and as AZD0530, the code number by which the compound is known.

AZD0530 is an inhibitor of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinase enzymes and, thereby, is a selective inhibitor of the motility of tumour cells and a selective inhibitor of the dissemination and invasiveness of mammalian cancer cells leading to inhibition of metastatic tumour growth. In particular, the compound AZD0530 is an inhibitor of c-Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase and should be of value as an anti-invasive agent for use in the containment and/or treatment of solid tumour disease in the human or animal body. The route for preparing the compound of the Formula I that is disclosed in International Patent Application WO 01/94341 involves the reaction of the compound 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-hydroxy-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline with an alkylating agent to form the 2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy side-chain at the 7-position. The product of the reaction is disclosed in WO 01/94341 in the form of a dihydrochloride salt and in the form of a free base.

Example 14 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyaniIino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yI)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline (route 4)

Under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas, l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylpiperazine (13.93 g) was added to a stirred mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-fluoro- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline (12.9 g), sodium te/t-pentoxide (9.87 g) and 1 ,2-diethoxyethane (37.5 ml). Water (1.34 g) and 1,2-diethoxyethane (25 ml) were added and the resultant reaction mixture was stirred and heated to 86°C for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5O⁰C and, under vacuum distillation at approximately 60 millibar pressure, approximately 50 ml of reaction solvent was distilled off. The reaction mixture was neutralised to pH 7.0 to 7.6 by the addition of a mixture of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (36%, 10 ml) and water (84 ml) at a rate that kept the temperature of the reaction mixture at a maximum of 6O⁰C. With the temperature of the reaction mixture being kept at 6O⁰C, the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (225 ml). The organic solution was washed with water (50 ml). Water (25 ml) was added and, with the temperature being kept at 6O⁰C, the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, then allowed to stand for 30 minutes and the aqueous layer was separated. The organic layer was concentrated to a volume of about 100 ml by distillation of solvent at about 9O⁰C under atmospheric pressure. The residual mixture was cooled during 1 hour to 45⁰C and held at that temperature for 2 hours to allow crystallisation of product. The mixture was warmed briefly to 55⁰C and then cooled during 4 hours to 18⁰C and held at that temperature for 1 hour. The crystalline precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed in turn with water (17 ml) and with tø’t-butyl methyl ether (17 ml). There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro-2,3-πiethylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline as a trihydrate (11 g; 88% purity by HPLC using Method B, retention time 7.3 minutes); NMR Spectrum: (CDCl₃) 1.65 (br s, 3H), 1.9-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.2-2.3 (m, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 2.4-2.8 (m, 8H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.7 (m, 2H), 3.95-4.05 (m, 2H), 4.2-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.8 (m,lH), 6.05 (s, 2H), 6.55 (s, IH), 6.75 (d, IH), 6.85 (s, IH), 7.0 (d, IH), 8.55 (s, IH), 9.25 (s, IH).

A portion (10 g) of the material so obtained was placed on a filter and dried at ambient temperature in a stream of dry nitrogen gas. The resultant material was dissolved at 6O⁰C in dry isopropanol (140 ml) whilst maintaining a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and to stand under a dry nitrogen atmosphere for 2 days. The resultant crystalline solid was isolated by filtration under a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The material (8 g) so obtained was a crystalline anhydrous form of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l -yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline, m.p. 142 to 144⁰C.

Example 15

4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt

A mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline trihydrate (27.1 g), isopropanol (200 ml) and water (10 ml) was heated to 75°C. A mixture of fumaric acid (12.8 g), isopropanol (200 ml) and water (40 ml) was heated to 8O⁰C. A portion (80 ml) of the warmed solution of the quinazoline compound was added to the fumaric acid solution whilst the temperature was maintained at 75⁰C. The resultant mixture was stirred at 75⁰C for 75 minutes. The remainder of the quinazoline compound solution was added during 1 hour whilst the temperature was maintained at 75⁰C. Isopropanol (50 ml) was added and the resultant mixture was stirred at 75⁰C for 7 hours. The mixture was cooled slowly over at least 25 minutes to 5O⁰C and was stirred at that temperature for 6 hours. The mixture was cooled slowly over at least 20 minutes to 2O⁰C and was stirred at that temperature for 18.5 hours. The crystalline solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with a 10:1 mixture of isopropanol and water (50 ml and 100 ml respectively) and dried in vacuo at 45⁰C to constant weight. There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro- 2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylρiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran- 4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt (37.0 g); m.p. 233-237⁰C; NMR Spectrum: (DMSOd₆) 1.76-1.88 (m, 2H), 2.1-2.17 (m, 2H)₅ 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.6 (br s, 8H), 2.78 (t, 2H), 3.51-3.6 (m, 2H)₃ 3.83-3.9 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H)₅ 4.98-5.07 (m, IH), 6.07 (s, 2H)₃ 6.6 (s, 4H)₅ 6.83 (d₅ IH)₃ 6.84 (d, IH)₅ 6.91 (d₃ IH)₅ 7.05 (d, IH)₃ 8.33 (s, IH)₃ 9.18 (s, IH).

Example 16

4-(6-chloro-2,3-methyIenedioxyaniIino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yIoxyquinazolme difumarate salt

A mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline trihydrate (27.1 g), isopropanol (210 ml) and water (30 ml) was heated to 4O⁰C and the mixture was filtered. The filter was washed with isopropanol (20 ml) and the washings were added to the warm filtrate. The resultant solution was warmed to 75°C.

A mixture of fumaric acid (12.8 g), isopropanol (200 ml) and water (20 ml) was heated to 70⁰C and the resultant mixture was filtered. A portion (110 ml) of the fumaric acid solution was added to the warmed solution of 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- 1 -yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline whilst the temperature was maintained at 75°C. Seed crystals of 4-(6-chloro-

2₅3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran- 4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt (0.02 g) were added and the resultant mixture was stirred at 75⁰C for 1 hour. The remainder of the fumaric acid solution was added during 1 hour whilst the temperature was maintained at 75⁰C and the resultant mixture was stirred at 75⁰C for 14 hours.

The mixture was cooled slowly over at least 2 hours to 20⁰C and was stirred at that temperature for 1 hour. The crystalline solid was isolated by filtration, washed twice with a 10:1 mixture of isopropanol and water (50 ml and 100 ml respectively) and dried in vacuo at 45⁰C to constant weight. There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro-2₅3-methylenedioxyanilino)- 7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline difumarate salt (35.8 g); m.p. 234-237°C; NMR Spectrum: (DMSOd₆) 1.76-1.88 (m, 2H)₅ 2.1-2.17 (m₅ 2H)₅ 2.33 (s₅ 3H)₅ 2.6 (br s, 8H), 2.78 (t, 2H), 3.51-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.9 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, 2H)₅ 4.98-5.07 (m, IH), 6.07 (s, 2H)₅ 6.6 (s, 4H), 6.83 (d, IH)₅ 6.84 (d, IH)₅ 6.91 (d, IH)₅ 7.05 (d, IH)₅ 8.33 (s₅ IH)₅ 9.18 (s₅ IH).

Example 17 4-(6-chloro-2,3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methyIpiperazin-l-yI)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline sesquifumarate salt

A mixture of 4-(6-chloro-2₅3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin- l-yl)ethoxy]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline difurnarate (0.15 g) and water (20 ml) was warmed using a heat gun to obtain a solution. The sample was allowed to evaporate slowly at ambient temperature to a volume of about 3 ml under a flow of air for 24 hours whereupon a precipitate had started to form. The mixture was placed in a refridgerator at 4°C for 2 days. The resultant precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with water. There was thus obtained 4-(6-chloro-2₅3-methylenedioxyanilino)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-l-yl)ethoxy]- 5-tetrahydropyran-4-yloxyquinazoline as a sesquifumarate tetrahydrate salt (0.084 g) which was characterised using XRPD₅ DSC₅ TGA₅ FTIR and solution NMR techniques.

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A simplified process for the manufacture of AZD0530, a potent SRC kinase inhibitor
Org Process Res Dev 2011, 15(3): 688

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/op100161y

Process research and development of a synthetic route towards a novel SRC kinase inhibitor is described. The Medicinal Chemistry route was very long and suffered from extensive use of chlorinated solvents and chromatography. A number of steps in the Medicinal Chemistry route were also unattractive for large-scale use for a variety of reasons. The route was modified to produce a shorter synthetic scheme that started from more readily available materials. By using the modified route, the title compound was manufactured on kilogram scale without recourse to chromatography and in significantly fewer steps. The scaled synthesis required two Mitsunobu couplings, which were developed and scaled successfully. An interesting hydrazine impurity was identified in the second Mitsunobu coupling; a mechanism for its formation is proposed, and a method for its control is described. The formation and control of some other interesting impurities are also described.

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SEE…………N-(5-Chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine, a novel, highly selective, orally available, dual-specific c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor
J Med Chem 2006, 49(22): 6465

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1: Hannon RA, Finkelman RD, Clack G, Iacona RB, Rimmer M, Gossiel F, Baselga J, Eastell R. Effects of Src kinase inhibition by saracatinib (AZD0530) on bone turnover in advanced malignancy in a Phase I study. Bone. 2012 Jan 8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 22245630.

2: Gucalp A, Sparano JA, Caravelli J, Santamauro J, Patil S, Abbruzzi A, Pellegrino C, Bromberg J, Dang C, Theodoulou M, Massague J, Norton L, Hudis C, Traina TA. Phase II trial of saracatinib (AZD0530), an oral SRC-inhibitor for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-negative metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2011 Oct;11(5):306-11. Epub 2011 May 3. PubMed PMID: 21729667; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3222913.

3: Mackay HJ, Au HJ, McWhirter E, Alcindor T, Jarvi A, Macalpine K, Wang L, Wright JJ, Oza AM. A phase II trial of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in patients with metastatic or locally advanced gastric or gastro esophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma: a trial of the PMH phase II consortium. Invest New Drugs. 2011 Mar 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21400081.

4: Fury MG, Baxi S, Shen R, Kelly KW, Lipson BL, Carlson D, Stambuk H, Haque S, Pfister DG. Phase II study of saracatinib (AZD0530) for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Anticancer Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):249-53. PubMed PMID: 21273606.

5: Renouf DJ, Moore MJ, Hedley D, Gill S, Jonker D, Chen E, Walde D, Goel R, Southwood B, Gauthier I, Walsh W, McIntosh L, Seymour L. A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21170669.

6: Dalton RN, Chetty R, Stuart M, Iacona RB, Swaisland A. Effects of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on renal function in healthy subjects. Anticancer Res. 2010 Jul;30(7):2935-42. PubMed PMID: 20683035.

7: Arcaroli JJ, Touban BM, Tan AC, Varella-Garcia M, Powell RW, Eckhardt SG, Elvin P, Gao D, Messersmith WA. Gene array and fluorescence in situ hybridization biomarkers of activity of saracatinib (AZD0530), a Src inhibitor, in a preclinical model of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Aug 15;16(16):4165-77. Epub 2010 Aug 3. PubMed PMID: 20682712.

8: Morrow CJ, Ghattas M, Smith C, Bönisch H, Bryce RA, Hickinson DM, Green TP, Dive C. Src family kinase inhibitor Saracatinib (AZD0530) impairs oxaliplatin uptake in colorectal cancer cells and blocks organic cation transporters. Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;70(14):5931-41. Epub 2010 Jun 15. PubMed PMID: 20551056; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2906706.

9: Hannon RA, Clack G, Rimmer M, Swaisland A, Lockton JA, Finkelman RD, Eastell R. Effects of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on bone turnover in healthy men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase I trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Mar;25(3):463-71. PubMed PMID: 19775203.

10: Rajeshkumar NV, Tan AC, De Oliveira E, Womack C, Wombwell H, Morgan S, Warren MV, Walker J, Green TP, Jimeno A, Messersmith WA, Hidalgo M. Antitumor effects and biomarkers of activity of AZD0530, a Src inhibitor, in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jun 15;15(12):4138-46. Epub 2009 Jun 9. PubMed PMID: 19509160.

11: Chen Y, Guggisberg N, Jorda M, Gonzalez-Angulo A, Hennessy B, Mills GB, Tan CK, Slingerland JM. Combined Src and aromatase inhibition impairs human breast cancer growth in vivo and bypass pathways are activated in AZD0530-resistant tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 May 15;15(10):3396-405. PubMed PMID: 19451593.

12: Lara PN Jr, Longmate J, Evans CP, Quinn DI, Twardowski P, Chatta G, Posadas E, Stadler W, Gandara DR. A phase II trial of the Src-kinase inhibitor AZD0530 in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer: a California Cancer Consortium study. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 Mar;20(3):179-84. PubMed PMID: 19396016; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3225398.

13: Green TP, Fennell M, Whittaker R, Curwen J, Jacobs V, Allen J, Logie A, Hargreaves J, Hickinson DM, Wilkinson RW, Elvin P, Boyer B, Carragher N, Plé PA, Bermingham A, Holdgate GA, Ward WH, Hennequin LF, Davies BR, Costello GF. Preclinical anticancer activity of the potent, oral Src inhibitor AZD0530. Mol Oncol. 2009 Jun;3(3):248-61. Epub 2009 Feb 7. PubMed PMID: 19393585.

14: de Vries TJ, Mullender MG, van Duin MA, Semeins CM, James N, Green TP, Everts V, Klein-Nulend J. The Src inhibitor AZD0530 reversibly inhibits the formation and activity of human osteoclasts. Mol Cancer Res. 2009 Apr;7(4):476-88. PubMed PMID: 19372577.

15: Schweppe RE, Kerege AA, French JD, Sharma V, Grzywa RL, Haugen BR. Inhibition of Src with AZD0530 reveals the Src-Focal Adhesion kinase complex as a novel therapeutic target in papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jun;94(6):2199-203. Epub 2009 Mar 17. PubMed PMID: 19293266; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2690419.

16: Purnell PR, Mack PC, Tepper CG, Evans CP, Green TP, Gumerlock PH, Lara PN, Gandara DR, Kung HJ, Gautschi O. The Src inhibitor AZD0530 blocks invasion and may act as a radiosensitizer in lung cancer cells. J Thorac Oncol. 2009 Apr;4(4):448-54. PubMed PMID: 19240653; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2716757.

17: Gwanmesia PM, Romanski A, Schwarz K, Bacic B, Ruthardt M, Ottmann OG. The effect of the dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor AZD0530 on Philadelphia positive leukaemia cell lines. BMC Cancer. 2009 Feb 13;9:53. PubMed PMID: 19216789; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2654659.

18: Chang YM, Bai L, Liu S, Yang JC, Kung HJ, Evans CP. Src family kinase oncogenic potential and pathways in prostate cancer as revealed by AZD0530. Oncogene. 2008 Oct 23;27(49):6365-75. Epub 2008 Aug 4. PubMed PMID: 18679417.

英文名称Burixafor

TG-0054

(2-{4-[6-amino-2-({[(1r,4r)-4-({[3-(cyclohexylamino)propyl]amino}methyl)cyclohexyl]methyl}amino)pyrimidin-4-yl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl)phosphonic acid

[2-[4-[6-Amino-2-[[[trans-4-[[[3-(cyclohexylamino)propyl]amino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methyl]amino]pyrimidin-4-yl]piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]phosphonic acid

1191448-17-5

C₂₇H₅₁N₈O₃P, 566.7194

chemokine CXCR 4 receptor antagonist;

ScinoPharm to Provide Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient to F*TaiGen for Novel Stem Cell Drug
MarketWatch
The drug has received a Clinical Trial Application from China’s FDA for the initiation of … In addition, six products have entered Phase III clinical trials.

read at

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/scinopharm-to-provide-active-pharmaceutical-ingredient-to-ftaigen-for-novel-stem-cell-drug-2014-06-08

TAINAN, June 8, 2014  — ScinoPharm Taiwan, Ltd. (twse:1789) specializing in the development and manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and TaiGen Biotechnology (4157.TW; F*TaiGen) jointly announced today the signing of a manufacturing contract for the clinical supply of the API of Burixafor, a new chemical entity discovered and developed by TaiGen. The API will be manufactured in ScinoPharm’s plant in Changshu, China. This cooperation not only demonstrates Taiwan’s international competitive strength in new drug development, but also sees the beginning of a domestic pharmaceutical specialization and cooperation mechanisms, thus establishing a groundbreaking milestone for Taiwan’s pharmaceutical industry.

Dr. Jo Shen, President and CEO of ScinoPharm said, “This cooperation with TaiGen is of representative significance in the domestic pharmaceutical companies’ upstream and downstream cooperation and self-development of new drugs, and indicates the Taiwanese pharmaceutical industry’s cumulative research and development momentum is paving the way forward.” Dr. Jo Shen emphasized, “ScinoPharm’s Changshu Plant provides high-quality API R&D and manufacturing services through its fast, flexible, reliable competitive advantages, effectively assisting clients of new drugs in gaining entry into China, Europe, the United States, and other international markets.”

According to Dr. Ming-Chu Hsu, Chairman and CEO of TaiGen, “R&D is the foundation of the pharmaceutical industry. Once a drug is successfully developed, players at all levels of the value chain could reap the benefit. Burixafor is a 100% in-house developed product that can be used in the treatment of various intractable diseases. The cooperation between TaiGen and ScinoPharm will not only be a win-win for both sides, but will also provide high-quality novel dug for patients from around the world.”

Burixafor is a novel stem cell mobilizer that can efficiently mobilize bone marrow stem cells and tissue precursor cells to the peripheral blood. It can be used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy sensitization and other ischemic diseases. The results of the ongoing Phase II clinical trial in the United States are very impressive. The drug has received a Clinical Trial Application from China’s FDA for the initiation of a Phase II clinical trial in chemotherapy sensitization under the 1.1 category. According to the pharmaceutical consultancy company JSB, with only stem cell transplant and chemotherapy sensitizer as the indicator, Burixafor’s annual sales are estimated at USD1.1 billion.

ScinoPharm currently has accepted over 80 new drug API process research and development plans, of which five new drugs have been launched in the market. In addition, six products have entered Phase III clinical trials. Through the Changshu Plant’s operation in line with the latest international cGMP plant equipment and quality management standards, the company provides customers with one stop shopping services in professional R&D, manufacturing, and outsourcing, thereby shortening the customer development cycle of customers’ products and accelerating the launch of new products to the market.

TaiGen’s focus is on the research and development of novel drugs. Besides Burixafor, the products also include anti-infective, Taigexyn®, and an anti-hepatitis C drug, TG-2349. Taigexyn® is the first in-house developed novel drug that received new drug application approval from Taiwan’s FDA. TG-2349 is intended for the 160 million global patients with hepatitis C with huge market potential. TaiGen hopes to file one IND with the US FDA every 3-4 years to expand TaiGen’s product line.

About ScinoPharm

ScinoPharm Taiwan, Ltd. is a leading process R&D and API manufacturing service provider to the global pharmaceutical industry. With research and manufacturing facilities in both Taiwan and China, ScinoPharm offers a wide portfolio of services ranging from custom synthesis for early phase pharmaceutical activities to contract services for brand companies as well as APIs for the generic industry. For more information, please visit the Company’s website at http://www.scinopharm.com

About TaiGen Biotechnology

TaiGen Biotechnology is a leading research-based and product-driven biotechnology company in Taiwan with a wholly-owned subsidiary in Beijing, China. The company’s first product, Taigexyn®, have already received NDA approval from Taiwan’s FDA. In addition to Taigexyn®, TaiGen has two other in-house discovered NCEs in clinical development under IND with US FDA: TG-0054, a chemokine receptor antagonist for stem cell transplantation and chemosensitization, in Phase 2 and TG-2349, a HCV protease inhibitor for treatment of chronic hepatitis infection, in Phase 2. Both TG-0054 and TG-2349 are currently in clinical trials in patients in the US.

SOURCE ScinoPharm Taiwan Ltd.

TG-0054 is a potent and selective chemokine CXCR4 (SDF-1) antagonist in phase II clinical studies at TaiGen Biotechnology for use in stem cell transplantation in cancer patients. Specifically, the compound is being developed for the treatment of stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and myocardial ischemia.

Preclinical studies had also been undertaken for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, critical limb ischemia (CLI) and age-related macular degeneration. In a mouse model, TG-0054 efficiently mobilizes stem cells (CD34+) and endothelial progenitor cells (CD133+) from bone marrow into peripheral circulation.

BACKGROUND

Chemokines are a family of cytokines that regulate the adhesion and transendothelial migration of leukocytes during an immune or inflammatory reaction (Mackay C.R., Nat. Immunol, 2001, 2:95; Olson et al, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol, 2002, 283 :R7). Chemokines also regulate T cells and B cells trafficking and homing, and contribute to the development of lymphopoietic and hematopoietic systems (Ajuebor et al, Biochem. Pharmacol, 2002, 63:1191). Approximately 50 chemokines have been identified in humans. They can be classified into 4 subfamilies, i.e., CXC, CX3C, CC, and C chemokines, based on the positions of the conserved cysteine residues at the N-terminal (Onuffer et al, Trends Pharmacol ScI, 2002, 23:459). The biological functions of chemokines are mediated by their binding and activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the cell surface.

Stromal-derived factor- 1 (SDF-I) is a member of CXC chemokines. It is originally cloned from bone marrow stromal cell lines and found to act as a growth factor for progenitor B cells (Nishikawa et al, Eur. J. Immunol, 1988, 18:1767). SDF-I plays key roles in homing and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells (Bleul et al, J. Exp. Med., 1996, 184:1101; and Gazzit et al, Stem Cells, 2004, 22:65-73). The physiological function of SDF-I is mediated by CXCR4 receptor. Mice lacking SDF-I or CXCR4 receptor show lethal abnormality in bone marrow myelopoiesis, B cell lymphopoiesis, and cerebellar development (Nagasawa et al, Nature, 1996, 382:635; Ma et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScI, 1998, 95:9448; Zou et al, Nature, 1998, 393:595; Lu et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScI, 2002, 99:7090). CXCR4 receptor is expressed broadly in a variety of tissues, particularly in immune and central nervous systems, and has been described as the major co-receptor for HIV- 1/2 on T lymphocytes. Although initial interest in CXCR4 antagonism focused on its potential application to AIDS treatment (Bleul et al, Nature, 1996, 382:829), it is now becoming clear that CXCR4 receptor and SDF-I are also involved in other pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and tumor metastases (Buckley et al., J. Immunol., 2000, 165:3423). Recently, it has been reported that a CXCR4 antagonist and an anticancer drug act synergistically in inhibiting cancer such as acute promuelocutic leukemia (Liesveld et al., Leukemia

Research 2007, 31 : 1553). Further, the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway has been shown to be critically involved in the regeneration of several tissue injury models. Specifically, it has been found that the SDF-I level is elevated at an injured site and CXCR4-positive cells actively participate in the tissue regenerating process.

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http://www.google.com/patents/WO2009131598A1?cl=en

Compound 52

Example 1 : Preparation of Compounds 1

1-1 1-Ii 1-m

^ ^–\_{\ Λ x}CUNN ^H ‘ ‘₂2.. P ^rd^u/’C^ ^. , _Λ>\_V>_v

Et₃N, TFAA , _H_, r [ Y I RRaanneeyy–NNiicckkeell _{u H} f [ Y | NH₂

CH₂CI₂, -10 ⁰C _Boc^ ‘^NNA/ 11,,44–ddιιooxxaannee B Boocer”¹^”–^^ LiOH, H₂O, 50 ⁰C

1-IV 1-V

Water (10.0 L) and (BoC)₂O (3.33 kgg, 15.3 mol) were added to a solution of trans-4-aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (compound 1-1, 2.0 kg, 12.7 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (2.67 kg, 31.8 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.95 L, pH = 2) and then filtered. The resultant solid was collected, washed three times with water (15 L), and dried in a hot box (60 ⁰C) to give trα/?5-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclo-hexanecarboxylic acid (Compound l-II, 3.17 kg, 97%) as a white solid. R_f = 0.58 (EtOAc). LC-MS m/e 280 (M+Na⁺). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.58 (brs, IH), 2.98 (t, J= 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (td, J = 12, 3.3 Hz, IH), 2.04 (d, J= 11.1 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (d, J= 11.1 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.35-1.50 (m, 3H), 0.89-1.03 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 181.31, 156.08, 79.12, 46.41, 42.99, 37.57, 29.47, 28.29, 27.96. M.p. 134.8-135.0 ⁰C. A suspension of compound l-II (1.0 kg, 3.89 mol) in THF (5 L) was cooled at

-10 ⁰C and triethyl amine (1.076 L, 7.78 mol) and ethyl chloroformate (0.441 L, 4.47 mol) were added below -10 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled at -10 ⁰C again and NH₄OH (3.6 L, 23.34 mol) was added below -10 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours and filtered. The solid was collected and washed three times with water (10 L) and dried in a hot box (6O⁰C) to give trans-4- (tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid amide (Compound l-III, 0.8 kg, 80%) as a white solid. Rf= 0.23 (EtOAc). LC-MS m/e 279, M+Na⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 6.63 (brs, IH), 2.89 (t, J= 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (td, J = 12.2, 3.3 Hz, IH), 1.80-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.37-1.51 (m, 3H), 0.90-1.05 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 182.26, 158.85, 79.97, 47.65, 46.02, 39.28, 31.11, 30.41, 28.93. M.p. 221.6-222.0 ⁰C.

A suspension of compound l-III (1.2 kg, 4.68 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 L) was cooled at -1O⁰C and triethyl amine (1.3 L, 9.36 mol) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.717 L, 5.16 mol) were added below -10 ⁰C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours. After water (2.0 L) was added, the organic layer was separated and washed with water (3.0 L) twice. The organic layer was then passed through silica gel and concentrated. The resultant oil was crystallized by methylene chloride. The crystals were washed with hexane to give £rαns-(4-cyano-cyclohexylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (Compound 1-IV, 0.95 kg, 85%) as a white crystal. R_f = 0.78 (EtOAc). LC-MS m/e 261, M+Na⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.58 (brs, IH), 2.96 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (td, J= 12, 3.3 Hz, IH), 2.12 (dd, J= 13.3, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (dd, J = 13.8, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.47-1.63 (m, 3H), 0.88-1.02 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.96, 122.41, 79.09, 45.89, 36.92, 29.06, 28.80, 28.25, 28.00. M.p. 100.4~100.6°C.

Compound 1-IV (1.0 kg, 4.196 mol) was dissolved in a mixture of 1 ,4-dioxane (8.0 L) and water (2.0 L). To the reaction mixture were added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.314 kg, 4.191), Raney-nickel (0.4 kg, 2.334 mol), and 10% palladium on carbon (0.46 kg, 0.216 mol) as a 50% suspension in water. The reaction mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at 5O⁰C for 20 hours. After the catalysts were removed by filtration and the solvents were removed in vacuum, a mixture of water (1.0 L) and CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 L) was added. After phase separation, the organic phase was washed with water (1.0 L) and concentrated to give £rα/?s-(4-aminomethyl- cyclohexylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert- butyl ester (compound 1-V, 0.97 kg, 95%) as pale yellow thick oil. R_f = 0.20 (MeOH/EtOAc = 9/1). LC-MS m/e 243, M+H⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.67 (brs, IH), 2.93 (t, J= 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (d, J= 6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.35 (brs, 3H), 1.19-1.21 (m, IH), 0.77-0.97 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.85, 78.33, 48.27, 46.38, 40.80, 38.19, 29.87, 29.76, 28.07. A solution of compound 1-V (806 g) and Et₃N (1010 g, 3 eq) in 1-pentanol

(2.7 L) was treated with compound 1-VI, 540 g, 1 eq) at 90⁰C for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Ethyl acetate (1.5 L) was added to the reaction mixture at 25°C. The solution was stirred for 1 hour. The Et₃NHCl salt was filtered. The filtrate was then concentrated to 1.5 L (1/6 of original volume) by vacuum at 50⁰C. Then, diethyl ether (2.5 L) was added to the concentrated solution to afford the desired product 1-VII (841 g, 68% yield) after filtration at 25⁰C .

A solution of intermediate 1-VII (841 g) was treated with 4 N HCl/dioxane (2.7 L) in MeOH (8.1 L) and stirred at 25°C for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated to 1.5 L (1/7 of original volume) by vacuum at 50⁰C. Then, diethyl ether (5 L) was added to the solution slowly, and HCl salt of 1-VIII (774 g) was formed, filtered, and dried under vacuum (<10 torr). For neutralization, K₂CO3 (2.5 kg, 8 eq) was added to the solution of HCl salt of 1-VIII in MeOH (17 L) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours (pH > 12) and filtered (estimated amount of 1-VIII in the filtrate is 504 g). Aldehyde 1-IX (581 g, 1.0 eq based on mole of 1-VII) was added to the filtrate of 1-VIII at 0-10⁰C. The reaction was stirred at 0-10⁰C for 3 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Then, NaBH₄ (81 g, 1.0 eq based on mole of 1-VII) was added at less than 10⁰C and the solution was stirred at 10-15⁰C for Ih. The solution was concentrated to get a residue, which then treated with CH₂Cl₂ (15 L). The mixture was washed with saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution (300 mL) diluted with H₂O (1.2 L). The CH₂Cl₂ layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (short column, EtOAc as mobile phase for removing other components; MeOH/28% NH₄OH = 97/3 as mobile phase for collecting 1-X) afforded crude 1-X (841 g). Then Et₃N (167 g, leq) and BoC₂O (360 g, leq) were added to the solution of

1-X (841 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (8.4 L) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 15 hours. After the reaction was completed as evidenced by TLC, the solution was concentrated and EtOAc (5 L) was added to the resultant residue. The solution was concentrated to 3L (1/2 of the original volume) under low pressure at 50⁰C. Then, n-hexane (3 L) was added to the concentrated solution. The solid product formed at 50⁰C by seeding to afford the desired crude product 1-XI (600 g, 60% yield) after filtration and evaporation. To compound 1-XI (120.0 g) and piperazine (1-XII, 50.0 g, 3 eq) in 1- pentanol (360 niL) was added Et₃N (60.0 g, 3.0 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred at 120⁰C for 8 hours. Ethyl acetate (480 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 25°C. The solution was stirred for Ih. The Et₃NHCl salt was filtered and the solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel (EtOAc/MeOH = 2:8) to afforded 1-XIII (96 g) in a 74% yield.

A solution of intermediate 1-XIII (100 mg) was treated with 4 N HCl/dioxane (2 mL) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) and stirred at 25°C for 15 hours. The mixture was concentrated to give hydrochloride salt of compound 1 (51 mg). CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 459.4

Example 2: Preparation of Compound 2

Compound 2 Intermediate 1-XIII was prepared as described in Example 1.

To a solution of 1-XIII (120 g) in MeOH (2.4 L) were added diethyl vinyl phosphonate (2-1, 45 g, 1.5 eq) at 25°C. The mixture was stirred under 65°C for 24 hours. TLC and HPLC showed that the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ = 8/92) to get 87 g of 2-11 (53% yield, purity > 98%, each single impurity <1%) after analyzing the purity of the product by HPLC.

A solution of 20% TFA/CH₂C1₂ (36 mL) was added to a solution of intermediate 2-11 (1.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours at room temperature and concentrated by removing the solvent to afford trifluoracetic acid salt of compound 2 (1.3 g). CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 623.1

Example 3 : Preparation of Compound 3

TMSBr _H H

s U

Intermediate 2-11 was prepared as described in Example 2. To a solution of 2-11 (300 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1800 mL) was added TMSBr (450 g, 8 eq) at 10-15⁰C for 1 hour. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 15 hours. The solution was concentrated to remove TMSBr and solvent under vacuum at 40⁰C.

CH₂Cl₂ was added to the mixture to dissolve the residue. TMSBr and solvent were removed under vacuum again to obtain 36O g crude solid after drying under vacuum (<1 torr) for 3 hours. Then, the crude solid was washed with 7.5 L IPA/MeOH (9/1) to afford compound 3 (280 g) after filtration and drying at 25°C under vacuum (<1 torr) for 3 hours. Crystallization by EtOH gave hydrobromide salt of compound 3 (19Og). CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 567.0.

The hydrobromide salt of compound 3 (5.27 g) was dissolved in 20 mL water and treated with concentrated aqueous ammonia (pH=9-10), and the mixture was evaporated in vacuo. The residue in water (30 mL) was applied onto a column (100 mL, 4.5×8 cm) of Dowex 50WX8 (H⁺ form, 100-200 mesh) and eluted (elution rate, 6 mL/min). Elution was performed with water (2000 mL) and then with 0.2 M aqueous ammonia. The UV-absorbing ammonia eluate was evaporated to dryness to afford ammonia salt of compound 3 (2.41 g). CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 567.3.

The ammonia salt of compound 3 (1.5 g) was dissolved in water (8 mL) and alkalified with concentrated aqueous ammonia (pH=l 1), and the mixture solution was applied onto a column (75 mL, 3×14 cm) of Dowex 1X2 (acetate form, 100-200 mesh) and eluted (elution rate, 3 mL/min). Elution was performed with water (900 mL) and then with 0.1 M acetic acid. The UV-absorbing acetic acid eluate was evaporated, and the residue was codistilled with water (5×50 mL) to afford compound 3 (1.44 g). CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 567.4. Example 4: Preparation of Compound 4

Compound 4

Intermediate 1-XIII was obtained during the preparation of compound 1. To a solution of diethyl vinyl phosphonate (4-1, 4 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (15.5 g, 5 eq) and the mixture was stirred at 30⁰C for 36 hours. The mixture were concentrated under vacuum on a rotatory evaporated to give quantitatively the corresponding phosphochloridate, which was added to a mixture of cyclohexyl amine (4-II, 5.3 g, 2.2 eq), CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL), and Et₃N (6.2 g, 2.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at 35°C for 36 hours, and then was washed with water. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated to afford 4-III (4.7 g, 85% yield) as brown oil.

Compound 4-III (505 mg) was added to a solution of intermediate 1-XIII (500 mg) in MeOH (4 mL). The solution was stirred at 45°C for 24 hours. The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/ MeOH = 4: 1) to afford intermediate 4-IV (420 mg) in a 63% yield.

A solution of HCl in ether (5 mL) was added to a solution of intermediate 4- IV (420 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature and concentrated by removing the solvent. The resultant residue was washed with ether to afford hydrochloride salt of compound 4 (214 mg). CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 595.1

Preparation of compound 51

TMSBr

Intermediate l-II was prepared as described in Example 1. To a suspension of the intermediate l-II (31.9 g) in toluene (150 mL) were added phosphorazidic acid diphenyl ester (51-1, 32.4 g) and Et₃N (11.9 g) at 25°C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80⁰C for 3 hours and then cooled to 25°C. After benzyl alcohol (51-11, 20 g) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at 80⁰C for additional 3 hours and then warmed to 120⁰C overnight. It was then concentrated and dissolved again in EtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer was collected. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with 2.5 N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/Hexane = 1 :2) to give Intermediate 51-111 (35 g) in a 79% yield. A solution of intermediate 51-111 (35 g) treated with 4 N HCl/dioxane (210 rnL) in MeOH (350 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. After ether (700 mL) was added, the solution was filtered. The solid was dried under vacuum. K2CO3 was added to a suspension of this solid in CH₃CN and ώo-propanol at room temperature for 10 minutes. After water was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, filtered, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated. The resultant residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH as an eluant) to give intermediate 51-IV (19 g) in a 76% yield. Intermediate 1-IX (21 g) was added to a solution of intermediate 51-IV (19 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (570 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 2 hours. NaBH(OAc)₃ (23 g) was then added at 25°C overnight. After the solution was concentrated, a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution was added to the resultant residue. The mixture was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and MeOH as an eluant) to afford intermediate 51-V (23.9 g) in a 66% yield.

A solution of intermediate 51-V (23.9 g) and BoC₂O (11.4 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) was added to Et₃N (5.8 mL) at 25°C for overnight. The solution was then concentrated and the resultant residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and Hexane as an eluant) to give intermediate 51-VI (22 g) in a 77% yield.

10% Pd/C (2.2 g) was added to a suspension of intermediate 51-VI (22 g) in MeOH (44 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under hydrogen atmosphere overnight, filtered, and concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and MeOH as an eluant) to afford intermediate 51-VII (16.5 g) in a 97% yield.

Intermediate 51-VII (16.5 g) and Et₃N (4.4 mL) in 1-pentanol (75 mL) was allowed to react with 2,4-dichloro-6-aminopyrimidine (1-VI, 21 g) at 120⁰C overnight. The solvent was then removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and hexane as an eluant) to afford intermediate 51-VIII (16.2 g) in a 77% yield.

A solution of intermediate 51-VIII (16.2 g) and piperazine (1-XII, 11.7 g) in 1-pentanol (32 mL) was added to Et₃N (3.3 mL) at 120⁰C overnight. After the solution was concentrated, the residue was treated with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was collected and concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc/ MeOH to 28% NH₄0H/Me0H as an eluant) to afford Intermediate 51-IX (13.2 g) in a 75% yield. Diethyl vinyl phosphonate (2-1) was treated with 51-IX as described in

Example 3 to afford hydrobromide salt of compound 51. CI-MS (M⁺ + 1): 553.3

………………………………….

Preparation of Compound 1

Water (10.0 L) and (Boc)₂O (3.33 kgg, 15.3 mol) were added to a solution of trans-4-aminomethyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (compound 1-I, 2.0 kg, 12.7 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (2.67 kg, 31.8 mol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.95 L, pH=2) and then filtered. The resultant solid was collected, washed three times with water (15 L), and dried in a hot box (60° C.) to give trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino-methyl)-cyclo-hexanecarboxylic acid (Compound 1-II, 3.17 kg, 97%) as a white solid. R_f=0.58 (EtOAc). LC-MS m/e 280 (M+Na⁺). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.58 (brs, 1H), 2.98 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (td, J=12, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (d, J=11.1 Hz, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.35˜1.50 (m, 3H), 0.89˜1.03 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 181.31, 156.08, 79.12, 46.41, 42.99, 37.57, 29.47, 28.29, 27.96. M.p. 134.8˜135.0° C.

A suspension of compound 1-II (1.0 kg, 3.89 mol) in THF (5 L) was cooled at 10° C. and triethyl amine (1.076 L, 7.78 mol) and ethyl chloroformate (0.441 L, 4.47 mol) were added below 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled at 10° C. again and NH₄OH (3.6 L, 23.34 mol) was added below 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours and filtered. The solid was collected and washed three times with water (10 L) and dried in a hot box (60° C.) to give trans-4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl-amino-methyl)-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid amide (Compound 1-III, 0.8 kg, 80%) as a white solid. R_f=0.23 (EtOAc). LC-MS m/e 279, M+Na⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 6.63 (brs, 1H), 2.89 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (td, J=12.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.80˜1.89 (m, 4H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.37˜1.51 (m, 3H), 0.90˜1.05 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 182.26, 158.85, 79.97, 47.65, 46.02, 39.28, 31.11, 30.41, 28.93. M.p. 221.6˜222.0° C.

A suspension of compound 1-III (1.2 kg, 4.68 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 L) was cooled at 10° C. and triethyl amine (1.3 L, 9.36 mol) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (0.717 L, 5.16 mol) were added below 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours. After water (2.0 L) was added, the organic layer was separated and washed with water (3.0 L) twice. The organic layer was then passed through silica gel and concentrated. The resultant oil was crystallized by methylene chloride. The crystals were washed with hexane to give trans-(4-cyano-cyclohexylmethyl)-carbamic acid tent-butyl ester (Compound 1-IV, 0.95 kg, 85%) as a white crystal. R_f=0.78 (EtOAc). LC-MS m/e 261, M+Na⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.58 (brs, 1H), 2.96 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (td, J=12, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J=13.3, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (dd, J=13.8, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.47˜1.63 (m, 3H), 0.88˜1.02 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.96, 122.41, 79.09, 45.89, 36.92, 29.06, 28.80, 28.25, 28.00. M.p. 100.4˜100.6° C.

Compound 1-IV (1.0 kg, 4.196 mol) was dissolved in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (8.0 L) and water (2.0 L). To the reaction mixture were added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.314 kg, 4.191), Raney-nickel (0.4 kg, 2.334 mol), and 10% palladium on carbon (0.46 kg, 0.216 mol) as a 50% suspension in water. The reaction mixture was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at 50° C. for 20 hours. After the catalysts were removed by filtration and the solvents were removed in vacuum, a mixture of water (1.0 L) and CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 L) was added. After phase separation, the organic phase was washed with water (1.0 L) and concentrated to give trans-(4-aminomethyl-cyclohexylmethyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (compound 1-V, 0.97 kg, 95%) as pale yellow thick oil. R_f=0.20 (MeOH/EtOAc=9/1). LC-MS m/e 243, M+H⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.67 (brs, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.73˜1.78 (m, 4H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.35 (brs, 3H), 1.19˜1.21 (m, 1H), 0.77˜0.97 (m, 4H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.85, 78.33, 48.27, 46.38, 40.80, 38.19, 29.87, 29.76, 28.07.

A solution of compound 1-V (806 g) and Et₃N (1010 g, 3 eq) in 1-pentanol (2.7 L) was treated with compound 1-VI, 540 g, 1 eq) at 90° C. for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed.

Ethyl acetate (1.5 L) was added to the reaction mixture at 25° C. The solution was stirred for 1 hour. The Et₃NHCl salt was filtered. The filtrate was then concentrated to 1.5 L (1/6 of original volume) by vacuum at 50° C. Then, diethyl ether (2.5 L) was added to the concentrated solution to afford the desired product 1-VII (841 g, 68% yield) after filtration at 25° C.

A solution of intermediate 1-VII (841 g) was treated with 4 N HCl/dioxane (2.7 L) in MeOH (8.1 L) and stirred at 25° C. for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated to 1.5 L (1/7 of original volume) by vacuum at 50° C. Then, diethyl ether (5 L) was added to the solution slowly, and HCl salt of 1-VIII (774 g) was formed, filtered, and dried under vacuum (<10 ton). For neutralization, K₂CO₃ (2.5 kg, 8 eq) was added to the solution of HCl salt of 1-VIII in MeOH (17 L) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours (pH>12) and filtered (estimated amount of 1-VIII in the filtrate is 504 g).

Aldehyde 1-IX (581 g, 1.0 eq based on mole of 1-VII) was added to the filtrate of 1-VIII at 0-10° C. The reaction was stirred at 0-10° C. for 3 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Then, NaBH₄ (81 g, 1.0 eq based on mole of 1-VII) was added at less than 10° C. and the solution was stirred at 10-15° C. for 1 h. The solution was concentrated to get a residue, which then treated with CH₂Cl₂ (15 L). The mixture was washed with saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution (300 mL) diluted with H₂O (1.2 L). The CH₂Cl₂ layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (short column, EtOAc as mobile phase for removing other components; MeOH/28% NH₄OH=97/3 as mobile phase for collecting 1-X) afforded crude 1-X (841 g).

Then Et₃N (167 g, 1 eq) and Boc₂O (360 g, 1 eq) were added to the solution of 1-X (841 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (8.4 L) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 15 hours. After the reaction was completed as evidenced by TLC, the solution was concentrated and EtOAc (5 L) was added to the resultant residue. The solution was concentrated to 3 L (1/2 of the original volume) under low pressure at 50° C. Then, n-hexane (3 L) was added to the concentrated solution. The solid product formed at 50° C. by seeding to afford the desired crude product 1-XI (600 g, 60% yield) after filtration and evaporation.

To compound 1-XI (120.0 g) and piperazine (1-XII, 50.0 g, 3 eq) in 1-pentanol (360 mL) was added Et₃N (60.0 g, 3.0 eq) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 8 hours. Ethyl acetate (480 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 25° C. The solution was stirred for 1 h. The Et₃NHCl salt was filtered and the solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel (EtOAc/MeOH=2:8) to afforded 1-XIII (96 g) in a 74% yield.

To a solution of 1-XIII (120 g) in MeOH (2.4 L) were added diethyl vinyl phosphonate (1-XIV, 45 g, 1.5 eq) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred under 65° C. for 24 hours. TLC and HPLC showed that the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂=8/92) to get 87 g of 1-XV (53% yield, purity>98%, each single impurity<1%) after analyzing the purity of the product by HPLC.

A solution of 20% TFA/CH₂Cl₂ (36 mL) was added to a solution of intermediate 1-XV (1.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours at room temperature and concentrated by removing the solvent to afford trifluoracetic acid salt of compound 1 (1.3 g).

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 623.1.

(2) Preparation of Compound 2

Intermediate 1-XV was prepared as described in Example 1.

To a solution of 1-XV (300 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (1800 mL) was added TMSBr (450 g, 8 eq) at 10-15° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 15 hours. The solution was concentrated to remove TMSBr and solvent under vacuum at 40° C. CH₂Cl₂ was added to the mixture to dissolve the residue. TMSBr and solvent were removed under vacuum again to obtain 360 g crude solid after drying under vacuum (<1 torr) for 3 hours. Then, the crude solid was washed with 7.5 L IPA/MeOH (9/1) to afford compound 2 (280 g) after filtration and drying at 25° C. under vacuum (<1 ton) for 3 hours. Crystallization by EtOH gave hydrobromide salt of compound 2 (190 g). CI-MS (M⁺+1): 567.0.

The hydrobromide salt of compound 2 (5.27 g) was dissolved in 20 mL water and treated with concentrated aqueous ammonia (pH=9-10), and the mixture was evaporated in vacuo. The residue in water (30 mL) was applied onto a column (100 mL, 4.5×8 cm) of Dowex 50WX8 (H⁺ form, 100-200 mesh) and eluted (elution rate, 6 mL/min). Elution was performed with water (2000 mL) and then with 0.2 M aqueous ammonia. The UV-absorbing ammonia eluate was evaporated to dryness to afford ammonia salt of compound 2 (2.41 g). CI-MS (M⁺+1): 567.3.

The ammonia salt of compound 2 (1.5 g) was dissolved in water (8 mL) and alkalified with concentrated aqueous ammonia (pH=11), and the mixture solution was applied onto a column (75 mL, 3×14 cm) of Dowex 1×2 (acetate form, 100-200 mesh) and eluted (elution rate, 3 mL/min). Elution was performed with water (900 mL) and then with 0.1 M acetic acid. The UV-absorbing acetic acid eluate was evaporated, and the residue was codistilled with water (5×50 mL) to afford compound 2 (1.44 g). CI-MS (M⁺+1): 567.4.

(3) Preparation of Compound 3

Intermediate 1-XIII was obtained during the preparation of compound 1.

To a solution of diethyl vinyl phosphonate (3-I, 4 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (120 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (15.5 g, 5 eq) and the mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 36 hours. The mixture were concentrated under vacuum on a rotatory evaporated to give quantitatively the corresponding phosphochloridate, which was added to a mixture of cyclohexyl amine (3-II, 5.3 g, 2.2 eq), CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL), and Et₃N (6.2 g, 2.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 36 hours, and then was washed with water. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated to afford 3-III (4.7 g, 85% yield) as brown oil.

Compound 3-III (505 mg) was added to a solution of intermediate 1-XIII (500 mg) in MeOH (4 mL). The solution was stirred at 45° C. for 24 hours. The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/MeOH=4:1) to afford intermediate 3-IV (420 mg) in a 63% yield.

A solution of HCl in ether (5 mL) was added to a solution of intermediate 3-IV (420 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature and concentrated by removing the solvent. The resultant residue was washed with ether to afford hydrochloride salt of compound 3 (214 mg).

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 595.1.

(4) Preparation of Compound 4

Compound 4 was prepared in the same manner as that described in Example 2 except that sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate in the presence of Et₃N in DMF at 45° C. was used instead of diethyl vinyl phosphonate. Deportations of amino-protecting group by hydrochloride to afford hydrochloride salt of compound 4.

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 567.3

(5) Preparation of Compound 5

Compound 5 was prepared in the same manner as that described in Example 2 except that diethyl-1-bromopropylphosphonate in the presence of K₂CO₃ in CH₃CN was used instead of diethyl vinyl phosphonate.

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 581.4

(6) Preparation of Compound 6

Compound 6 was prepared in the same manner as that described in Example 5 except that 1,4-diaza-spiro[5.5]undecane dihydrochloride was used instead of piperazine.

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 649.5

(7) Preparation of Compound 7

Intermediate 1-II was prepared as described in Example 1.

To a suspension of the intermediate 1-II (31.9 g) in toluene (150 mL) were added phosphorazidic acid diphenyl ester (7-I, 32.4 g) and Et₃N (11.9 g) at 25° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours and then cooled to 25° C. After benzyl alcohol (7-II, 20 g) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for additional 3 hours and then warmed to 120° C. overnight. It was then concentrated and dissolved again in EtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer was collected. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with 2.5 N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/Hexane=1:2) to give Intermediate 7-III (35 g) in a 79% yield.

A solution of intermediate 7-III (35 g) treated with 4 N HCl/dioxane (210 mL) in MeOH (350 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. After ether (700 mL) was added, the solution was filtered. The solid was dried under vacuum. K₂CO₃ was added to a suspension of this solid in CH₃CN and iso-propanol at room temperature for 10 minutes. After water was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, filtered, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated. The resultant residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using CH₂Cl₂ and MeOH as an eluant) to give intermediate 7-IV (19 g) in a 76% yield.

Intermediate 1-IX (21 g) was added to a solution of intermediate 7-IV (19 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (570 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 hours. NaBH(OAc)₃ (23 g) was then added at 25° C. overnight. After the solution was concentrated, a saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution was added to the resultant residue. The mixture was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The solution was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and MeOH as an eluant) to afford intermediate 7-V (23.9 g) in a 66% yield.

A solution of intermediate 7-V (23.9 g) and Boc₂O (11.4 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) was added to Et₃N (5.8 mL) at 25° C. for overnight. The solution was then concentrated and the resultant residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and Hexane as an eluant) to give intermediate 7-VI (22 g) in a 77% yield. 10% Pd/C (2.2 g) was added to a suspension of intermediate 7-VI (22 g) in MeOH (44 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature under hydrogen atmosphere overnight, filtered, and concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and MeOH as an eluant) to afford intermediate 7-VII (16.5 g) in a 97% yield.

Intermediate 7-VII (16.5 g) and Et₃N (4.4 mL) in 1-pentanol (75 mL) was allowed to react with 2,4-dichloro-6-aminopyrimidine (1-VI, 21 g) at 120° C. overnight. The solvent was then removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc and hexane as an eluant) to afford intermediate 7-VIII (16.2 g) in a 77% yield.

A solution of intermediate 7-VIII (16.2 g) and piperazine (1-XII, 11.7 g) in 1-pentanol (32 mL) was added to Et₃N (3.3 mL) at 120° C. overnight. After the solution was concentrated, the residue was treated with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was collected and concentrated. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (using EtOAc/MeOH to 28% NH₄OH/MeOH as an eluant) to afford Intermediate 7-IX (13.2 g) in a 75% yield.

Diethyl vinyl phosphonate (2-I) was treated with 7-IX as described in Example 3 to afford hydrobromide salt of compound 7.

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 553.3

(8) Preparation of Compound 8

Cis-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (8-I, 10 g) in THF (100 ml) was added oxalyl chloride (8-II, 15.5 g) at 0° C. and then DMF (few drops). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. The solution was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in THF (100 ml). The mixture solution was added to ammonium hydroxide (80 ml) and stirred for 1 hour. The solution was concentrated and filtration to afford crude product 8-III (7.7 g).

Compound 8-III (7.7 g) in THF (200 ml) was slowly added to LiAlH₄ (8.6 g) in THF (200 ml) solution at 0° C. The mixture solution was stirred at 65° C. for 15 hours. NaSO₄.10H₂O was added at room temperature and stirred for 1 hours. The resultant mixture was filtered to get filtrate and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). Et₃N (27 g) and (Boc)₂O (10 g) were added at room temperature. The solution was stirred for 15 h, and then concentrated to get resultant residue. Ether was added to the resultant residue. Filtration and drying under vacuum afforded solid crude product 8-IV (8.8 g).

A solution of compound 8-IV (1.1 g) and Et₃N (1.7 g) in 1-pentanol (10 ml) was reacted with 2,4-dichloro-6-aminopyrimidine (1-VI, 910 mg) at 90° C. for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at 25° C. The solution was stirred for 1 hour. The Et₃NHCl salt was removed. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica gel (EtOAc/Hex=1:2) to afford the desired product 8-V (1.1 g, 65% yield).

A solution of intermediate 8-V (1.1 g) was treated with 4 N HCl/dioxane (10 ml) in MeOH (10 ml) and stirred at 25° C. for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated, filtered, and dried under vacuum (<10 ton). For neutralization, K₂CO₃ (3.2 g) was added to the solution of HCl salt in MeOH (20 ml) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours (pH>12) and filtered. Aldehyde 1-IX (759 mg) was added to the filtrate at 0-10° C. The reaction was stirred at 0-10° C. for 3 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Then, NaBH₄ (112 mg) was added at less than 10° C. and the solution was stirred at 10-15° C. for 1 hour. The solution was concentrated to get a residue, which was then treated with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The mixture was washed with saturated NH₄Cl (aq) solution. The CH₂Cl₂ layer was concentrated and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (MeOH/28% NH₄OH=97/3) to afford intermediate 8-VI (1.0 g, 66% yield).

Et₃N (600 mg) and Boc₂O (428 mg) were added to the solution of 8-VI (1.0 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 15 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated and purified by chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/Hex=1:1) to afford intermediate 8-VII (720 mg, 60% yield).

To a solution compound 8-VII (720 mg) and piperazine (1-XII, 1.22 g) in 1-pentanol (10 mL) was added Et₃N (1.43 g) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. Ethyl acetate (20 mL) was added at 25° C. The solution was stirred for 1 hour. The Et₃NHCl salt was removed and the solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel (EtOAc/MeOH=2:8) to afford 8-VIII (537 mg) in 69% yield.

To a solution of 8-VIII (537 mg) in MeOH (11 ml) was added diethyl vinyl phosphonate (2-I, 201 mg) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred under 65° C. for 24 hours. TLC and HPLC showed that the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated and purified by silica gel (MeOH/CH₂Cl₂=1:9) to get 8-IX (380 mg) in a 57% yield.

To a solution of 8-IX (210 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml) was added TMSBr (312 mg) at 10-15° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 15 hours. The solution was concentrated to remove TMSBr and solvent under vacuum at 40° C., then, CH₂Cl₂ was added to dissolve the residue. Then TMSBr and solvent were further removed under vacuum and CH₂Cl₂ was added for four times repeatedly. The solution was concentrated to get hydrobromide salt of compound 8 (190 mg).

CI-MS (M⁺+1): 566.9

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http://www.orphan-drugs.org/2014/06/17/selexipag-meets-primary-endpoint-pivitol-phase-iii-griphon-outcome-study-patients-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension/#sthash.PI3PzVZd.dpbs

http://www1.actelion.com/sites/en/scientists/development-pipeline/phase-3/selexipag.page

ABOUT THE ACTELION / NIPPON SHINYAKU ALLIANCE

Actelion and Nippon Shinyaku entered into an exclusive worldwide alliance in April 2008 to collaborate on selexipag, a first-in-class orally-available, selective IP receptor agonist for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This compound was originally discovered and synthesized by Nippon Shinyaku. Phase II evaluation has been completed, and a Phase III program in PAH patients has been initiated. Actelion is responsible for global development and commercialization of selexipag outside Japan, while the two companies will co-develop and co-commercialize in Japan. Nippon Shinyaku will receive milestone payments based on development stage and sales milestones as well as royalties on any sales of selexipag.

Selexipag
IUPAC name 2-{4-[(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)(propan-2-yl)amino]butoxy}-N-(methanesulfonyl)acetamide
Identifiers
CAS number	475086-01-2
PubChem	9913767
ChemSpider	8089417
UNII	5EXC0E384L
KEGG	D09994
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
SMILES [show]
InChI [show]
Properties
Molecular formula	C26H32N4O4S
Molar mass	496.6 g·mol−1

NS-304 (ACT-293987), an orally available long acting non-prostanoid prostaglandin I2 (PGI-2) receptor agonist, is in phase III clinical trials at Actelion for the oral treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Nippon Shinyaku is conducting phase III clinical trials with NS-304 for this indication in Europe. In Japan, phase II clinical trials are ongoing for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Originally discovered and synthesized by Nippon Shinyaku, NS-304 stimulates PGI-2 receptors in blood vessels and exerts vasodilating effects.

In 2008, the compound was licensed to Actelion by Nippon Shinyaku on a worldwide basis with the exception of Japan for the oral treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). According to the final licensing agreement, Actelion will be responsible for global development and commercialization of NS-304 outside Japan, while the two companies will codevelop and co-commercialize the product candidate in Japan. In 2005, orphan drug designation was assigned in the E.U. by Nippon Shinyaku for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

…………………….

US2012/101276

http://www.google.st/patents/US20120101276?hl=pt-PT&cl=en

The present invention relates to a crystal of 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (hereinafter referred to as “compound A”).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Compound A has an excellent PGI2 agonistic effect and shows a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect, a vasodilative effect, a bronchodilative effect, a lipid deposition inhibitory effect, a leukocyte activation inhibitory effect, etc. (see, for example, in WO 2002/088084 (“WO ‘084”)).

Specifically, compound A is useful as preventive or therapeutic agents for transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetic neuropathy, diabetic gangrene, peripheral circulatory disturbance (e.g., chronic arterial occlusion, intermittent claudication, peripheral embolism, vibration syndrome, Raynaud’s disease), connective tissue disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, vasculitic syndrome), reocclusion/restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), arteriosclerosis, thrombosis (e.g., acute-phase cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic disorder (e.g., cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction), angina (e.g., stable angina, unstable angina), glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure, allergy, bronchial asthma, ulcer, pressure ulcer (bedsore), restenosis after coronary intervention such as atherectomy and stent implantation, thrombocytopenia by dialysis, the diseases in which fibrosis of organs or tissues is involved [e.g., Renal diseases (e.g., tuburointerstitial nephritis), respiratory diseases (e.g., interstitial pneumonia (pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), digestive diseases (e.g., hepatocirrhosis, viral hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis and scirrhous stomachic cancer), cardiovascular diseases (e.g, myocardial fibrosis), bone and articular diseases (e.g, bone marrow fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis), skin diseases (e.g, cicatrix after operation, scalded cicatrix, keloid, and hypertrophic cicatrix), obstetric diseases (e.g., hysteromyoma), urinary diseases (e.g., prostatic hypertrophy), other diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, sclerosing peritonitis; type I diabetes and organ adhesion after operation)], erectile dysfunction (e.g., diabetic erectile dysfunction, psychogenic erectile dysfunction, psychotic erectile dysfunction, erectile dysfunction associated with chronic renal failure, erectile dysfunction after intrapelvic operation for removing prostata, and vascular erectile dysfunction associated with aging and arteriosclerosis), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, intestinal tuberculosis, ischemic colitis and intestinal ulcer associated with Behcet disease), gastritis, gastric ulcer, ischemic ophthalmopathy (e.g., retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy), sudden hearing loss, avascular necrosis of bone, intestinal damage caused by administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., diclofenac, meloxicam, oxaprozin, nabumetone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, celecoxib) (there is no particular limitation for the intestinal damage so far as it is damage appearing in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine and examples thereof include mucosal damage such as erosion and ulcer generated in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine), and symptoms associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (e.g., paralysis, dullness in sensory perception, pain, numbness, lowering in walking ability, etc. associated with cervical spinal canal stenosis, thoracic spinal canal stenosis, lumbar spinal canal stenosis, diffuse spinal canal stenosis or sacral stenosis) etc. (see, for example, in WO ‘084, WO 2009/157396, WO 2009/107736, WO 2009/154246, WO 2009/157397, and WO 2009/157398).

In addition, compound A is useful as an accelerating agent for angiogenic therapy such as gene therapy or autologous bone marrow transplantation, an accelerating agent for angiogenesis in restoration of peripheral artery or angiogenic therapy, etc. (see, for example, in WO ‘084).

Production of Compound A

Compound A can be produced, for example, according to the method described in WO ‘084, and, it can also be produced according to the production method mentioned below.

Step 1:

6-Iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine can be produced from 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine by reacting it with sodium iodide. The reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid in an organic solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or their mixed solvent). The acid to be used is, for example, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, or their mixed acid. The amount of sodium iodide to be used is generally within a range of from 1 to 10 molar ratio relative to 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the acid to be used, but may be generally within a range of from 60° C. to 90° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the acid to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 9 hours to 15 hours.

Step 2:

5,6-Diphenyl-2-[(4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine can be produced from 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine by reacting it with 4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amine. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in an organic solvent (e.g., sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylimidazolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide or their mixed solvent). The base to be used is, for example, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or their mixed base. The amount of 4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amine to be used may be generally within a range of from 1.5 to 5.0 molar ratio relative to 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used, but may be generally within a range of from 170° C. to 200° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 5 hours to 9 hours.

Step 3:

Compound A can be produced from 5,6-diphenyl-2-[4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine by reacting it with N-(2-chloroacetyl)methanesulfonamide. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in a solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-methyl-2-propanol or their mixed solvent). The base to be used is, for example, potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide or their mixed base. The amount of N-(2-chloroacetyl)methanesulfonamide to be used may be generally within a range of from 2 to 4 molar ratio relative to 5,6-diphenyl-2-[4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used, but may be generally within a range of from −20° C. to 20° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 0.5 hours to 2 hours.

The compounds to be used as the starting materials in the above-mentioned production method for compound A are known compounds, or can be produced by known methods.

…………………………………

WO 2002088084

and

http://www.google.fm/patents/WO2009157398A1?cl=en

………………………

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2007 ,  vol. 15,   21  p. 6692 – 6704

compd 31

……………………

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2007 ,  vol. 15,   24  p. 7720 – 7725

2a isthe drug

N-Acylsulfonamide and N-acylsulfonylurea derivatives of the carboxylic acid prostacyclin receptor agonist 1 were synthesized and their potential as prodrug forms of the carboxylic acid was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These compounds were converted to the active compound 1 by hepatic microsomes from rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans, and some of the compounds were shown to yield sustained plasma concentrations of 1 when they were orally administered to monkeys. These types of analogues, including NS-304 (2a), are potentially useful prodrugs of 1.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968089607007614

References

1. Kuwano et al. NS-304, an orally available and long-acting prostacyclin receptor agonist prodrug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;322:1181-1188.
2. Kuwano et al. A long-acting and highly selective prostacyclin receptor agonist prodrug, NS-304, ameliorates rat pulmonary hypertension with unique relaxant responses of its active form MRE-269 on rat pulmonary artery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;326:691-699.
3. Simonneau G, Lang I, Torbicki A, Hoeper MM, Delcroix M, Karlocai K, Galie N. Selexipag, an oral, selective IP receptor agonist for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 874-880
4. Mubarak KK. A review of prostaglandin analogs in the management of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Respir Med 2010;104:9-21.
5. Sitbon, O.; Morrell, N. (2012). “Pathways in pulmonary arterial hypertension: The future is here”. European Respiratory Review 21 (126): 321–327. doi:10.1183/09059180.00004812. PMID 23204120.

http://seekingalpha.com/article/2283763-mast-therapeutics-mstminus-188-would-fit-well-in-mercks-drug-development-pipeline

MST-188 (purified poloxamer 188)

MST-188 is an investigational agent, formulated using a purified form of poloxamer 188. Substantial research has demonstrated that poloxamer 188 has cytoprotective and hemorrheologic properties and inhibits inflammatory processes and thrombosis. We believe the pharmacologic effects of poloxamer 188 support the development of MST-188 in multiple clinical indications for diseases and conditions characterized by microcirculatory insufficiency (endothelial dysfunction and/or impaired blood flow). We are enrolling patients in EPIC, a pivotal phase 3 study of MST-188 in sickle cell disease. In addition, our MST-188 pipeline includes development programs in adjunctive thrombolytic therapy (e.g., acute limb ischemia, stroke), heart failure, and resuscitation (i.e., restoration of circulating blood volume and pressure) following major trauma.

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF MST-188

We believe the pharmacodynamic properties of MST-188 (cytoprotective, hemorheologic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic/pro-fibrinolytic) enable it simultaneously to address, or prevent activation of, multiple biochemical pathways that can result in microcirculatory insufficiency, a multifaceted condition principally characterized by endothelial dysfunction and impaired blood flow. The microcirculation is responsible for the delivery of blood through the smallest blood vessels (arterioles and capillaries) embedded within tissues. A healthy endothelium is critical to a functional microcirculation. Without the regular delivery of blood and transfer of oxygen to tissue from the microcirculation, individual cells (in both the endothelium and tissue) are unable to maintain aerobic metabolism and, through a series of complex and interrelated events, eventually die. If microcirculatory insufficiency continues, the patient will suffer tissue necrosis, organ damage and, eventually, death.

EPIC’s study drug, MST-188, is a new class of drug that acts by attaching to the damaged surfaces of the cell membranes, potentially improving blood flow and oxygen delivery.

Improving blood flow and oxygen delivery may reduce the duration and severity of pain crises faced by sickle cell patients.

ATALUREN

PTC 124

3-[5-(2-Fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid

PTC Therapeutics Initiates Confirmatory Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Translarna™ (ataluren) in Patients with Nonsense Mutation Cystic Fibrosis (nmCF) – MarketWatch

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/ptc-therapeutics-initiates-confirmatory-phase-3-clinical-trial-of-translarna-ataluren-in-patients-with-nonsense-mutation-cystic-fibrosis-nmcf-2014-06-30?reflink=MW_news_stmp

Ataluren, formerly known as PTC124, is a small-molecular agent designed by PTC Therapeutics and sold under the trade nameTranslarna. It makes ribosomes less sensitive to premature stop codons (referred to as “read-through”). This may be beneficial in diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy where the mRNA contains a mutation causing premature stop codons or nonsense codons. There is ongoing debate over whether Ataluren is truly a functional drug (inducing codon read-through), or if it is nonfunctional, and the result was a false-positive hit from a biochemical screen based on luciferase.^[1]

Ataluren has been tested on healthy humans and humans carrying genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations,^[2][3] such as some people with cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In 2010, PTC Therapeutics released preliminary results of its phase 2b clinical trial for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with participants not showing a significant improvement in the six minute walk distance after the 48 weeks of the trial.^[4] This failure resulted in the termination of a $100 million deal with Genzyme to pursue the drug. However, other phase 2 clinical trials were successful for cystic fibrosis in Israel, France and Belgium.^[5] Multicountry phase 3 clinical trials are currently in progress for cystic fibrosis in Europe and the USA.^[6]

In cystic fibrosis, early studies of ataluren show that it improves nasal potential difference.^[7]

Ataluren appears to be most effective for the stop codon ‘UGA’.^[2]

On 23 May 2014 ataluren received a positive opinion from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA).^[8]

It is not that ataluren is a complex molecule. To judge from one of the patents, synthesis is straightforward starting from 2-cyanobenoic acid and 2-fluorobenzoyl chloride, both commercially available. The synthetic steps are methylation of 2-cyanobenoic acid (iodomethane), nitrile hydrolysis with hydroxylamine, esterification with the fluoro acid chloride using DIPEA, high-temperature dehydration to the oxadiazole and finally ester hydrolysis (NaOH).

References

External links

• Ataluren’s official page on PTC Therapeutics’s website

other sources

Ataluren Molecule

Orphan drug under investigation for treatment of genetic conditions where nonsense mutations result in premature termination of polypeptides. This drug, which is convenient to deliver orally, appears to allow ribosomal transcription ofRNA to continue past premature termination codon mutations with correct reading of the full normal transcript which then terminates at the proper stop codon. Problematically it has been postulated that assay artifact may have complicated evaluation of its efficacy which appears to be less than gentamicin.^[1] Faults of this class in the transcription process are involved in several inherited diseases.

Some forms of cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are being targeted in the development stage of the drug.^[2] Phase I and II trials are promising for cystic fibrosis.^[3][4] In a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, restoration of muscle function occurred.^[5]

A potential issue is that there may be parts of the human genome whose optimal gene function through evolution has resulted from relatively recent in evolutionary terms insertion of a premature termination codon and so functional suboptimal transcripts of other proteins or functional RNAs might result.

References

old cut paste

A large-scale, multinational, phase 3 trial of the experimental drug ataluren has opened its first trial site, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

The trial is recruiting boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) or Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) caused by anonsense mutation —  also known as a premature stop codon — in the dystrophin gene. This type of mutation causes cells to stop synthesizing a protein before the process is complete, resulting in a short, nonfunctional protein. Nonsense mutations are believed to cause DMD or BMD in approximately 10 to 15 percent of boys with these disorders.

Ataluren — sometimes referred to as a stop codon read-through drug — has the potential to overcome the effects of a nonsense mutation and allow functional dystrophin — the muscle protein that’s missing in Duchenne MD and deficient in Becker MD — to be produced.

The orally delivered drug is being developed by PTC Therapeutics, a South Plainfield, N.J., biotechnology company, to whichMDA gave a $1.5 million grant in 2005.

PTC124 has been developed by PTC Therapeutics.

LUSEOGLIFLOZIN, CAS 898537-18-3
An antidiabetic agent that inhibits sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2).

(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-[5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-d-glucitol

(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol

Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd

Taisho (Originator), PHASE 3

http://www.taisho-holdings.co.jp/en/release/2013/2013041801-e.pdf

TS-071

WO 2010119990

WO2006073197

TS-071, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, is in phase III clinical development at Taisho for the oral treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

In 2012, the product was licensed to Novartis and Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical by Taisho in Japan for comarketing for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is rapidly emerging as a global health care problem that threatens to reach pandemic levels. The number of people with diabetes worldwide is expected to rise from 285 million in 2010 to 438 million by 2030. Diabetes results from deficiency in insulin because of impaired pancreatic β-cell function or from resistance to insulin in body, thus leading to abnormally high levels of blood glucose.

Diabetes which results from complete deficiency in insulin secretion is Type 1 diabetes and the diabetes due to resistance to insulin activity together with an inadequate insulin secretion is Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (Non insulin dependent diabetes) accounts for 90-95 % of all diabetes. An early defect in Type 2 diabetes mellitus is insulin resistance which is a state of reduced responsiveness to circulating concentrations of insulin and is often present years before clinical diagnosis of diabetes. A key component of the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves an impaired pancreatic β-cell function which eventually contributes to decreased insulin secretion in response to elevated plasma glucose. The β-cell compensates for insulin resistance by increasing the insulin secretion, eventually resulting in reduced β-cell mass. Consequently, blood glucose levels stay at abnormally high levels (hyperglycemia).

Hyperglycemia is central to both the vascular consequences of diabetes and the progressive nature of the disease itself. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to decrease in insulin secretion and further to decrease in insulin sensitivity. As a result, the blood glucose concentration is increased, leading to diabetes, which is self-exacerbated. Chronic hyperglycemia has been shown to result in higher protein glycation, cell apoptosis and increased oxidative stress; leading to complications such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, nephropathy, retinopathy (leading to visual impairment or blindness), neuropathy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, premature atherosclerosis, diabetic foot ulcer and obesity. So, when a person suffers from diabetes, it becomes important to control the blood glucose level. Normalization of plasma glucose in Type 2 diabetes patients improves insulin action and may offset the development of beta cell failure and diabetic complications in the advanced stages of the disease.

Diabetes is basically treated by diet and exercise therapies. However, when sufficient relief is not obtained by these therapies, medicament is prescribed alongwith. Various antidiabetic agents being currently used include biguanides (decrease glucose production in the liver and increase sensitivity to insulin), sulfonylureas and meglitinides (stimulate insulin production), a-glucosidase inhibitors (slow down starch absorption and glucose production) and thiazolidinediones (increase insulin sensitivity). These therapies have various side effects: biguanides cause lactic acidosis, sulfonylurea compounds cause significant hypoglycemia, a-glucosidase inhibitors cause abdominal bloating and diarrhea, and thiazolidinediones cause edema and weight gain. Recently introduced line of therapy includes inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme, which may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, particularly in Type 2 diabetes. DPP-IV inhibitors lead to decrease in inactivation of incretins glucagon like peptide- 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), thus leading to increased production of insulin by the pancreas in a glucose dependent manner. All of these therapies discussed, have an insulin dependent mechanism.

Another mechanism which offers insulin independent means of reducing glycemic levels, is the inhibition of sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). In healthy individuals, almost 99% of the plasma glucose filtered in the kidneys is reabsorbed, thus leading to only less than 1% of the total filtered glucose being excreted in urine. Two types of SGLTs, SGLT-1 and SGLT-2, enable the kidneys to recover filtered glucose. SGLT-1 is a low capacity, high-affinity transporter expressed in the gut (small intestine epithelium), heart, and kidney (S3 segment of the renal proximal tubule), whereas SGLT-2 (a 672 amino acid protein containing 14 membrane-spanning segments), is a low affinity, high capacity glucose ” transporter, located mainly in the S 1 segment of the proximal tubule of the kidney. SGLT-2 facilitates approximately 90% of glucose reabsorption and the rate of glucose filtration increases proportionally as the glycemic level increases. The inhibition of SGLT-2 should be highly selective, because non-selective inhibition leads to complications such as severe, sometimes fatal diarrhea, dehydration, peripheral insulin resistance, hypoglycemia in CNS and an impaired glucose uptake in the intestine.

Humans lacking a functional SGLT-2 gene appear to live normal lives, other than exhibiting copious glucose excretion with no adverse effects on carbohydrate metabolism. However, humans with SGLT-1 gene mutations are unable to transport glucose or galactose normally across the intestinal wall, resulting in condition known as glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome.

Hence, competitive inhibition of SGLT-2, leading to renal excretion of glucose represents an attractive approach to normalize the high blood glucose associated with diabetes. Lower blood glucose levels would, in turn, lead to reduced rates of protein glycation, improved insulin sensitivity in liver and peripheral tissues, and improved cell function. As a consequence of progressive reduction in hepatic insulin resistance, the elevated hepatic glucose output which is characteristic of Type 2 diabetes would be expected to gradually diminish to normal values. In addition, excretion of glucose may reduce overall caloric load and lead to weight loss. Risk of hypoglycemia associated with SGLT-2 inhibition mechanism is low, because there is no interference with the normal counter regulatory mechanisms for glucose.

The first known non-selective SGLT-2 inhibitor was the natural product phlorizin

(glucose, 1 -[2-P-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 1 – propanone). Subsequently, several other synthetic analogues were derived based on the structure of phlorizin. Optimisation of the scaffolds to achieve selective SGLT-2 inhibitors led to the discovery of several considerably different scaffolds.

C-glycoside derivatives have been disclosed, for example, in PCT publications

W_.O20040131 18, WO2005085265, WO2006008038, WO2006034489, WO2006037537, WO2006010557, WO2006089872, WO2006002912, WO2006054629, WO2006064033, WO2007136116, WO2007000445, WO2007093610, WO2008069327, WO2008020011, WO2008013321, WO2008013277, WO2008042688, WO2008122014, WO2008116195, WO2008042688, WO2009026537, WO2010147430, WO2010095768, WO2010023594, WO2010022313, WO2011051864, WO201 1048148 and WO2012019496 US patents US65151 17B2, US6936590B2 and US7202350B2 and Japanese patent application JP2004359630. The compounds shown below are the SGLT-2 inhibitors which have reached advanced stages of human clinical trials: Bristol-Myers Squibb’s “Dapagliflozin” with Formula A, Mitsubishi Tanabe and Johnson & Johnson’s “Canagliflozin” with Formula B, Lexicon’s “Lx-421 1″ with Formula C, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly’s “Empagliflozin” with Formula D, Roche and Chugai’s “Tofogliflozin” with Formula E, Taisho’s “Luseogliflozin” with Formula F, Pfizer’ s “Ertugliflozin” with Formula G and Astellas and Kotobuki’s “Ipragliflozin” with Formula H.

Formula G                                                                                                                  Formula H

In spite of all these molecules in advanced stages of human clinical trials, there is still no drug available in the market as SGLT-2 inhibitor. Out of the potential candidates entering the clinical stages, many have been discontinued, emphasizing the unmet need. Thus there is an ongoing requirement to screen more scaffolds useful as SGLT-2 inhibitors that can have advantageous potency, stability, selectivity, better half-life, and/ or better pharmacodynamic properties. In this regard, a novel class of SGLT-2 inhibitors is provided herein

………………………

SYNTHESIS

EP1845095A1

Example 5

Synthesis of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-5-thio-D-glucopyranose

• Five drops of 1,2-dibromoethane were added to a mixture of magnesium (41 mg, 1.67 mmol), 1-bromo-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylbenzene (0.51 g, 1.51 mmol) and tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). After heated to reflux for one hour, this mixture was allowed to stand still to room temperature to prepare a Grignard reagent. A tetrahydrofuran solution (1.40 mL) of 1.0 M i-propyl magnesium chloride and the prepared Grignard reagent were added dropwise sequentially to a tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-5-thio-D-glucono-1,5-lactone (0.76 g, 1.38 mmol) while cooled on ice and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. After the reaction mixture was added with a saturated ammonium chloride aqueous solution and extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed with brine and dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After the desiccant was filtered off, the residue obtained by evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate =4:1) to obtain (0.76 g, 68%) a yellow oily title compound.
  ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.37 (t, J=6.92 Hz, 3 H) 2.21 (s, 3 H) 3.51 – 4.20 (m, 12 H) 3.85 – 3.89 (m, 3 H) 4.51 (s, 2 H) 4.65 (d, J=10.72 Hz, 1 H) 4.71 (d, J=5.75 Hz, 1 H) 4.78 – 4.99 (m, 3 H) 6.59 – 7.43 (m, 26 H)

Example 6

• [0315]

Synthesis of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol

• An acetonitrile (18 mL) solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-C-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-5-thio-D-glucopyranose (840 mg, 1.04 mmol) was added sequentially with Et₃SiH (0.415 mL, 2.60 mmol) and BF₃·Et₂O (0.198 mL, 1.56 mmol) at -18°C and stirred for an hour. After the reaction mixture was added with a saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution and extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed with brine and then dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After the desiccant was filtered off, the residue obtained by evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate=4:1) to obtain the title compound (640 mg, 77%).
  ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.35 (t, J=6.88 Hz, 3 H) 2.21 (s, 3 H) 3.02 – 3.21 (m, 1 H) 3.55 (t,J=9.40 Hz, 1 H) 3.71 (s, 1 H) 3.74 – 3.97 (m, 10 H) 4.01 (s, 1 H) 4.45 – 4.56 (m, 3 H) 4.60 (d, J=10.55 Hz, 2 H) 4.86 (s, 2 H) 4.90 (d, J=10.55 Hz, 1H) 6.58 – 6.76 (m, 5 H) 6.90 (d, J=7.34 Hz, 1 H) 7.09 – 7.19 (m, 5 H) 7.23 – 7.35 (m, 15 H).
  ESI m/z = 812 (M+NH₄).

Example 7

Synthesis of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-[3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-6-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol

• A mixture of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-1-[2-methoxy-4-methyl-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl]-1-thio-D-glucitol (630 mg, 0.792 mmol), 20% palladium hydroxide on activated carbon (650 mg) and ethyl acetate (10 mL) – ethanol (10 mL) was stirred under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 66 hours. The insolubles in the reaction mixture were filtered off with celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (chloroform:methanol =10:1) to obtain a colorless powdery title compound (280 mg, 81%) as 0.5 hydrate. 1H NMR (600 MHz, METHANOL- d₄) δ ppm 1.35 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3 H) 2.17 (s, 3 H) 2.92 – 3.01 (m, 1 H) 3.24 (t, J=8.71 Hz, 1 H) 3.54 – 3.60 (m, 1 H) 3.72 (dd, J=11.5, 6.4 Hz, 1 H) 3.81 (s, 3 H) 3.83 (s, 2 H) 3.94 (dd, J=11.5, 3.7 Hz, 1 H) 3.97 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 2 H) 4.33 (s, 1 H) 6.77 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H) 6.76 (s, 1 H) 6.99 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H) 7.10 (s, 1 H). ESI m/z = 452 (M+NH4+), 493 (M+CH3CO2-). mp 155.0-157.0°C. Anal. Calcd for C₂₃H₃₀O₆S·0.5H₂O: C, 62.28; H, 7.06. Found: C, 62.39; H, 7.10.

………………………………..

PAPER

(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-[5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-d-glucitol (TS-071) is a Potent, Selective Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment 
(Journal of Medicinal Chemistry) Saturday March 20th 2010
Author(s): ,
DOI:10.1021/jm901893x
GO TO: [Article]

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm901893x

(1S)-1,5-Anhydro-1-[5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl]-1-thio-d-glucitol (3p)

3p is compd

• Luseogliflozin: Phase III data  10/21/2013

  Week in Review, Clinical Results
  Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd. (Tokyo:4581), Tokyo, Japan Product: Luseogliflozin (TS-071) Business: Endocrine/Metabolic Molecular target: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Description: Oral sodium-glucose…

• Luseogliflozin: Phase III data  10/21/2013

  Week in Review, Clinical Results
  Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd. (Tokyo:4581), Tokyo, Japan Product: Luseogliflozin (TS-071) Business: Endocrine/Metabolic Molecular target: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Description: Oral sodium-glucose…

• Luseogliflozin regulatory update  05/13/2013

  Week in Review, Regulatory
  Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings Co. Ltd. (Tokyo:4581), Tokyo, Japan Product: Luseogliflozin (TS-071) Business: Endocrine/Metabolic Last month, Taisho’s Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. subsidiary submitted a regulatory …

• Strategy: Doubling down in diabetes  05/06/2013
  Merck shoring up slowing diabetes franchise with Pfizer, Abide deals

  BioCentury on BioBusiness, Strategy
  As sales flatten for Merck’s sitagliptin franchise and a new class of oral diabetes drugs comes to market, the pharma has tapped Pfizer and Abide to shore up its position.

see

http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=cd5f5c06-c07f-4dc8-8922-44f431e2a6bb&cKey=1a3e5ff0-564c-4606-99a0-5dd71879bc5c&mKey=%7BBAFB2746-B0DD-4110-8588-E385FAF957B7%7D

SEE

http://www.clinicaltrials.jp/user/showCteDetailE.jsp?japicId=JapicCTI-132352

Veliparib

Abbott Laboratories

2-((R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide

CAS number:  912444-00-9 (Veliparib),

912445-05-7 (Veliparib dihydrochloride)

Mechanism of Action:poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor
Indiction:cancer treatment

Development Status:Phase III

Drug Company: AbbVie

PARP Inhibitor Veliparib (ABT-888)

Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-((R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide
Clinical data
Legal status	experimental
Identifiers
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID 11960529
DrugBank	DB07232
ChemSpider	10134775
UNII	01O4K0631N
ChEMBL	CHEMBL506871
Chemical data
Formula	C13H16N4O
Mol. mass	244.29 g/mol

Veliparib (ABT-888)^[1] is a potential anti-cancer drug acting as a PARP inhibitor. It kills cancer cells by blocking a protein called PARP, thereby preventing the repair of DNA or genetic damage in cancer cells and possibly making them more susceptible to anticancer treatments. Veliparib may make whole brain radiation treatment work more effectively against brain metastases from NSCLC.

It inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2.^[2][3]

AbbVie’s Veliparib (ABT-888,), an inhibitor of poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 and 2 (PARP 1 and PARP 2), is being investigated in multiple tumor types, including 3 phase III studies, all initiated this year, in neoadjuvant treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (clinical trial number:NCT02032277), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, clinical trial number:NCT02106546) and HER2-negative, BRCA1 and/or BRCA2-positive breast cancer (clinical trial number:NCT02163694).

AbbVie, which was spun off from Abbott Laboratories in early 2013, is currently looking to buy Irish drug maker Shire for $46 billion. The proposed deal follows Pfizer’s failed $120 billion attempt to buy AstraZeneca. Humira, AbbVie’s rheumatoid arthritis drug and the world’s top-selling drug last year, accounts for 60% of company revenue and is going off-patent in at the end of 2016.  The threat of growing competition for Humira may be a major motivation for AbbVie.

Clinical trials

Numerous phase I clinical trials are in progress.^[4]

A phase I/II clinical trial for use with/out doxorubicin (for Metastatic or Unresectable Solid Tumors or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma) started in 2008 and is due to complete in 2010.^[5] Results (inc MTD) with topotecan.^[6]

A phase II clinical trial for metastatic melanoma has started recruiting.^[7] Due to end Dec 2011.

A phase II clinical trial for metastatic breast cancer has started recruiting.^[8] Due to end Nov 2011.

A phase II clinical trial for add-on to Radiation Therapy for Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

It was included in the I-SPY2 breast cancer trial,^[9] and there are encouraging data from that study ^[10]

A phase I clinical trial for prostate cancer in men who carry the BRCA mutation is underway and is now recruiting (as of May 2013).^[11]

……………….

http://www.google.com/patents/US20060229289

EXAMPLE 1

2-(2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide EXAMPLE 1A 1-benzyl 2-methyl 2-methylpyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate

A solution of 1-benzyl 2-methyl pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (15.0 g, 57 mmol) and iodomethane (7.11 ml, 114 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was treated with NaN(TMS)₂ (1.0 M solution in THF, 114 mL, 114 mmol) at −75° C. under nitrogen. The temperature of the cooling bath was then slowly raised to −20° C. within 1 h and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for another 3 h. After quenching with water, the mixture was acidified with 2 N HCl (˜100 mL) and was partitioned between water (400 mL) and EtOAc (400 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc/hexane) to give Example 1A (15.15 g, Yield: 96%). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 278 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 1B

1-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-2-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

A solution of Example 1A (15.15 g, 54.63 mmol) in a mixture of THF (100 mL) and water (50 mL) was treated with LiOH.H₂O (4.58 g, 109.26 mmol) in water (50 mL). Methanol was added until a transparent solution formed (60 mL). This solution was heated at 60° C. for overnight and the organic solvents were removed under vacuum. The residual aqueous solution was acidified with 2 N HCl to pH 2 and was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with water, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give Example 1B as a white solid (13.72 g, 95.4% yield). MS (DCI/NH₃) m/z 264 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 1C

benzyl 2-({[2-amino-3-(aminocarbonyl)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of Example 1B (13.7 g, 52 mmol) in a mixture of pyridine (60 mL) and DMF (60 mL) was treated with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (9.27 g, 57.2 mmol) at 45° C. for 2 h. 2,3-Diamino-benzamide dihydrochloride (11.66 g, 52 mmol), which was synthesized as described in previous patent application WO0026192, was added and the mixture was stirred at rt overnight. After concentration under vacuum, the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and diluted sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. The slightly yellow solid material was collected by filtration, washed with water and ethyl acetate, and dried to give Example 1C (16.26 g). Extraction of the aqueous phase with ethyl acetate followed by concentration, filtration and water-EtOAc wash, provided additional 1.03 g of Example 1C. Combined yield: 84%. MS (APCI) m/z 397 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 1D

benzyl 2-[4-(aminocarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

A suspension of Example 1C (17.28 g, 43.6 mmol) in acetic acid (180 mL) was heated under reflux for 2 h. After cooling, the solution was concentrated and the residual oil was partitioned between ethyl acetate and sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. The organic phase was washed with water and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, 3-15% CH₃OH in 2:1 EtOAc/hexane) to provide Example 1D (16.42 g, Yield: 99%).

MS (APCI) m/z 379 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 1E 2-(2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide

A solution of Example 1D (15.0 g, 40 mmol) in methanol (250 ml) was treated with 10% Pd/C (2.8 g) under 60 psi of hydrogen for overnight. Solid material was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated. The residual solid was recrystallized in methanol to give 7.768 g of Example 1E as free base. The bis-HCl salt was prepared by dissolving the free base in warm methanol and treating with 2 equivalents of HCl in ether (10.09 g). MS (APCI) m/z 245 (M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O): δ 1.92 (s, 3 H), 2.00-2.09 (m, 1 H), 2.21-2.29 (m, 1 H), 2.35-2.41 (m, 1 H), 2.52-2.57 (m, 1 H), 3.54-3.65 (m, 2 H), 7.31 (t, J=7.93 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (dd, J=8.24, 0.92 Hz, 1 H), 7.72 (dd, J=7.63, 0.92 Hz, 1 H); Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₁₆N₄O.2 HCl: C, 49.22; H, 5.72N, 17.66. Found: C, 49.30; H, 5.60; N, 17.39.

EXAMPLE 3 2-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide EXAMPLE 3A benzyl(2R)-2-[4-(aminocarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]-2-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate

Example 1D (1.05 g, 2.8 mmol) was resolved on chiral HPLC (Chiralcel OD, 80/10/10 hexane/EtOH/MeOH). The faster eluting peak was collected and concentrated to provide Example 3A (99.4% e.e., 500 mg). MS (APCI) m/z 379 (M+H)⁺.

EXAMPLE 3B 2-[(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide

A solution of Example 3A (500 mg, 1.32 mmol) in methanol (10 ml) was treated with 10% Pd/C (150 mg) under hydrogen for overnight (balloon). Solid material was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated. The residual solid was further purified by HPLC (Zorbax C-18, CH₃CN/H₂O/0.1%TFA) and was converted to bis-HCl salt to provide Example 4 as white solid (254 mg). Co-crystallization of the free base with 1 equivalent of L-tartaric acid in methanol gave a single crystal that was suitable for X-ray study. The X-ray structure with L-tartaric acid was assigned the R-configuration. MS (APCI) m/z 245 (M+H)⁺; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O): δ 2.00 (s, 3 H), 2.10-2.19 (m, 1 H), 2.30-2.39 (m, 1 H), 2.45-2.51 (m, 1 H), 2.61-2.66 (m, 1 H), 3.64-3.73 (m, 2 H), 7.40 (t, J=7.95 Hz, 1 H), 7.77 (d, J=8.11 Hz, 1 H), 7.80 (d, J=7.49 Hz, 1 H); Anal. Calcd for C₁₃H₁₆N₄O.2 HCl: C, 49.22; H, 5.72; N, 17.66. Found: C, 49.10; H, 5.52; N, 17.61.

……………….

WO2009049111

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2009049111A1?cl=en

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of ABT-888 Crystalline Form 1 A mixture of ABT-888 dihydrochloride (10 g) was stirred in saturated potassium bicarbonate (50 mL) and n-butanol (50 mL) until the ABT-888 dihydrochloride completely dissolved. The aqueous layer was extracted with a second portion of n-butanol then discarded. The extracts were combined, washed with 15% sodium chloride solution (50 mL) and concentrated. The concentrate was chase distilled three times with heptane (50 mL),dissolved in refluxing 2-propanol (45 mL) and filtered hot. The filtrate was cooled to ambient temperature with stirring over 18 hours, cooled to 0-5⁰C, stirred for 1 hour, and filtered. The filtrant was washed with 2-propanol and dried in a vacuum oven at 45-50⁰C with a slight nitrogen purge.

EXAMPLE 2

Preparation of ABT-888 Crystalline Form 2

A mixture of ABT-888 in methanol, in which the ABT-888 was completely dissolved, was concentrated at about 35 ⁰C, and the concentrate was dried to a constant weight.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of ABT-888 Crystalline Form 1

15 16

Step 1 : 2-(2-methyl-2-pyrrolidino)-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide 2 HCl (15) is dissolved in water (3.5 kg / kg 15) at 20 + 5 ⁰C. Dissolution of 15 in water results in a solution of pH 0 – 1.

Step 2: The reaction is run at 20 – 25 ⁰C. One equivalent of sodium hydroxide is added, raising the pH to 2 – 3 with only a mild exotherm (10⁰C observed with rapid addition of 1.0 equiv.). This generates a solution that remains clear for several days even when seeded with free base crystals. 3N NaOH (1.0 equiv., 1.25 kg / kg 15) is charged and the solution polish filtered into the crystallizer/ reactor.

Step 3: 5% Na₂CO₃ (1.5 equiv., 10.08 kg / kg 15) is then filtered into the crystallizer over 2 hours. Nucleation occurs after approximately l/6th of the Na₂CO₃ solution is added (-0.25 equiv.)

Step 4: The slurry is mixed for NLT 15 min before sampling (typically 1 to 4 hours (2.5 mg/mL product in the supernatant)). The slurry is filtered at 20⁰C and washed with 6 portions of water (1.0 kg / kg 15 each). Each wash was applied to the top of the cake and then pressured through. No mixing of the wetcake was done.

Step 5 : The solids are then dried. Drying was performed at 50⁰C keeping the Cogeim under vacuum while applying a slight nitrogen bleed. The agitator blade was left in the cake to improve heat transfer to the cake. It was rotated and lifted out of the cake once per hour of drying to speed the drying process while minimizing potential crystal attrition that occurs with continuous agitator use. In one embodiment of Step 1, the volume of water for dissolution of the Dihydrochloride (15) is about 1.3 g water/g 15. In another embodiment of Step 1,, the volume of water for dissolution is about 1.3 g to about 4 g water/g 15. In another embodiment of Step 1, the volume of water for dissolution is 1.3 g to 3.5 g water/g 15. In another embodiment of Step 1, the volume of water for dissolution is 3.5 g water/g 15.

……………………

(2-[(R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide

excellent PARP enzyme potency as well as single-digit nanomolar cellular potency. These efforts led to the identification of 3a (2-[(R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide, ABT-888), currently in human phase I clinical trials. Compound 3a displayed excellent potency against both the PARP-1 and PARP-2 enzymes with a Ki of 5 nM and in a C41 whole cell assay with an EC50 of 2 nM. In addition, 3a is aqueous soluble, orally bioavailable across multiple species, and demonstrated good in vivo efficacy in a B16F10 subcutaneous murine melanoma model in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) and in an MX-1 breast cancer xenograft model in combination with either carboplatin or cyclophosphamide.

References

External links

http://kdwn.com/2013/12/16/new-drug-study-method-show-breast-cancer-promise/

Penning, Thomas D. et al. Discovery of the Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor 2-[(R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide (ABT-888) for the Treatment of Cancer. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 52(2), 514-523; 2009

Zhu, Guidong. 2-​((R)​-​2-​Methylpyrrolidin-​2-​yl)​-​1H-​benzimidazole-​4-​carboxamide crystalline form 2 compositions and preparation for treating cancer. PCT Int. Appl. (2009), WO2009049109 A1 20090416

Kolaczkowski, Lawrence . 2-​((R)​-​2-​Methylpyrrolidin-​2-​yl)​-​1H-​benzimidazole-​4-​carboxamide (ABT-​888) crystalline form I and its pharmaceutical composition for cancer treatment. PCT Int. Appl. (2009), WO2009049111 A1 20090416.
Zhu, Gui-Dong; Gong, Jianchun; Gandhi, Virajkumar B.; Penning, Thomas D.; Giranda, Vincent L. Preparation of 1H-​benzimidazole-​4-​carboxamides as poly(ADP-​ribose)​polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2006), US20060229289 A1 20061012.

Decernotinib

Decernotinib

N2-[2-(1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-D-isovalinamide

(R)-2-(2-(lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-2-methyl-N-(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)butanamide

Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc

Vertex Pharma,

In phase 3  for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis.

DECERNOTINIB

The Janus kinases (JAK) are a family of tyrosine kinases consisting of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. The JAKs play a critical role in cytokine signaling. The down-stream substrates of the JAK family of kinases include the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. JAK/STAT signaling has been implicated in the mediation of many abnormal immune responses such as psoriasis. Moreover, JAK kinases represent an established therapeutic target for this disease.

For example, JAK kinases are an established therapeutic target for treating psoriasis. Stump K. L., et al., Arthritis Res. Ther. (201 1) 13:R68; Fridman J.S., et al., J Immunol. (2010) 184:5298-5307; West K., Curr. Op. Investig. Drugs (2009) 10:491-504; Kremer J. M. et al., Arthritis Rheumatism (2009) 60(7):1895- 1905; Xiong, W. et al., Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. (201 1) 3(5): 255-266; Panes, J. et al. 19^th Ann. Eur. Gastroenterology Week (Oct 22-26, 2011) Stockholm, SE, PI 456; and Drugs in R & D “Tofacitinib” (2010) 10(4):271-84.

Compounds described as kinase inhibitors, particularly the JAK family kinases, are disclosed in WO 2005/095400 and WO 2007/084557. Also disclosed in these publications are processes and intermediates for preparing these compounds

Decernotinib ( VX-509 ) is an oral selective JAK3 inhibitor being evaluated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ). This was a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 2 study of four dosing regimens of Decernotinib, administered to patients with RA with inadequate response to Methotrexate ( MTX ).

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of four dosing regimens of VX-509 administered to patients with rheumatoid arthritis on stable background Methotrexate therapy.

Patients with active rheumatoid arthritis ( C-reactive protein [ CRP ] greater than ULN, greater than or equal to 6 swollen joints [ of 66 ], and greater than or equal to 6 tender joints [ of 68 ] ) taking stable doses of MTX were randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to receive placebo or one of four dosing regimens of Decernotinib ( 100 mg QD, 150 mg QD, 200 mg QD, or 100 mg BID ) for a duration of 24 weeks.

The primary efficacy endpoints at week 12 were met and have previously been reported; 24-week efficacy and safety results are now reported.

A total of 358 patients were randomized and received greater than or equal to 1 dose of study drug; 81% of patients were female, with a mean age of 53 years.
At baseline, the mean tender joint count was 23.8, the mean swollen joint count was 16.1, and the average disease duration was 7.3 years.

After 24 weeks of treatment the proportion of patients achieving ACR20, ACR50, ACR70, DAS28 ( CRP ) less than 2.6 and DAS28 ( ESR ) less than 2.6 and the decrease from baseline in DAS28 ( CRP ) were statistically significantly greater in each of the Decernotinib dose groups than in the placebo group.

Over 24 weeks, the percentage of patients with any adverse event was higher in the Decernotinib group ( all Decernotinib dose groups combined ) ( 59.9% ) relative to placebo ( 42.3% ) and led to study discontinuation in 9.1% and 8.5% of patients in the Decernotinib and placebo groups, respectively.
The most common adverse reactions in the Decernotinib group were headache ( 8.7% ), hypercholesterolemia ( 5.2% ), and diarrhea ( 4.5% ).
Serious adverse reactions occurred in similar proportions of patients receiving Decernotinib ( 7.3% ) or placebo ( 5.6% ), but there were more serious infections in the Decernotinib group ( 3.5% ) compared with placebo ( 1.4% ).
Through 24 weeks there were two serious adverse effects that resulted in death; one was cardiac failure in the Decernotinib 100 mg BID group ( previously reported ) and one was pancytopenia in a patient with pneumonia in the Decernotinib 200 mg QD group.
Elevations in transaminase levels and decreases in median neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were observed in the Decernotinib groups and were generally mild.

Safety profiles were comparable across groups receiving Decernotinib.

In conclusion, all tested doses of Decernotinib significantly improved signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis versus placebo when administered in combination with stable background Methotrexate therapy for 24 weeks.
Decernotinib was associated with small increases in adverse reactions rates, serious infections, and mostly minor laboratory abnormalities. ( Xagena )

Source: EULAR Meeting – van Vollenhoven R et al, Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73(Suppl2)

see

WO 2007084557

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2007084557A2?cl=en

………………………………………

WO 2013006634

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013006634A2?cl=en

Formula I is:

The present invention provides a process for preparing (R)-2-(2-(lH-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-2-methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)butanamide of Formula la:

la

comprising the steps of:

ivb) reacting lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (5a) with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the presence of an organic solvent to generate l-tosyl-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (9a)

5a 9a

vb) reacting l-tosyl-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (9a) in an organic solvent with N-bromosuccinimide to generate 3-bromo-l-tosyl-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7a)

 

vi) reacting 3-bromo-l-tosyl-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7a) with triisopropyl borate in the presence of a strong lithium base in an organic solvent to generate

l-tosyl-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (8a) 0^H

8a

vii) esterifying l-tosyl-lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (8a) with pinacolate alcohol in an organic solvent to generate

3 -(4,4,5 ,5 -tetramethyl- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 1 -tosyl- 1 H-pyrrolo[2,3 -bjpyridine (la) :

viiib) reacting 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (11a) with a hydrochloride salt of D-isovaline (15a) under coupling condition to generate a compound of Formula 2a

 

11a 2a

ixb) reacting the compound of Formula 2a with HC1 to generate the hydrochloride salt of the compound of Formula 2a;

i) reacting the compound of Formula la with the compound of Formula 2a with in the presence of water, an organic solvent, an inorganic base, and a transition metal catalyst to generate a compound of Formula 3a,

 

ii) deprotecting the compound of Formula 3a under basic conditions to generate a compound of Formula 4a

 

4a ; and iii) reacting the compound of Formula 4a with 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine in the presence of a coupling agent and an organic solvent to generate the compound of Formula la.

 

- l¹³C₄, ¹⁵N₂]

 

……………………………………………………………….

WO 2013070606

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013070606A1?cl=en

………………………………………………….

patent WO2014074471

WO2014074471 claiming use of heterocyclic compound (preferably decernotinib) for treating psoriasis. Vertex is developing decernotinib, an oral JAK 3 inhibitor, for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. As of July 2014, the drug is Phase 3 trials.

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014074471A1?cl=en

Table 1:

COMPD 1 IS DECERNOTINIB

Example 1: Analytical Methods Used

[0260] (A) HPLC on C18 column. Mobile phase was acetonitrile/water/TFA (60:40:0.1). Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Detection at wavelength of 230 nm. Run time was 25-26 minutes.

[0261] (B) HPLC on C18 column. Mobile phase was acetonitrile/water/TFA (90: 10:0.1). Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Detection at wavelength of 230 nm.

[0262] (C) HPLC on a Waters XBridge Phenyl column, 4.6 x 150 mm, 3.5 μπι. Mobile phase A was water/1 M ammonium formate, pH 4.0 (99: 1). Mobile phase B was

acetonitrile/water/ 1M ammonium formate, pH 4.0 (90:9:1). Gradient 5 % to 90 % B in 15 minutes. Total run time 22 minutes. Flow rate 1.5 mL/min. Detection at UV, 245 nm.

T = 25 °C.

[0263] (D) HPLC on a Waters XBridge Phenyl column, 4.6 x 150 mm, 3.5 μπι. Mobile phase A was water/1 M ammonium formate, pH 4.0 (99: 1). Mobile phase B was

acetonitrile/water/ 1M ammonium formate, pH 4.0 (90:9: 1). Gradient 15% to 90 % B in 15 minutes. Total run time 22 minutes. Flow rate 1.5 mL/min. Detection at UV, 220 nm.

T = 35 °C.

[0264] Example 2: Preparation of Compounds of Formula I [0265] General Synthetic Scheme

[0266] The Boc-protected amino acid starting material (1) undergoes amidation in the presence of an activating agent, a coupling reagent, and the acid salt of the amine HNR⁷R¹⁷ to generate the Boc-protected amide intermediate (2). The amide intermediate (2) is

deprotected under acidic conditions and reacted with the halogenated heteroaryl (3) to generate the aminoheteroaryl intermediate (4). Boronated azaindole (5) is coupled with the aminoheteroaryl intermediate (4) under cross-coupling condition to generate the compound of Formula I.

………………………………………………………………………….

Patent

http://www.google.com/patents/US8163917

346

Example 1 Preparation of Compounds of the Invention

General Synthetic Scheme

Step 1

To a stirred solution of Boc-valine (1; R₁ is Me; 3.8 g, 0.02 mol), EDC (4.63 g, 0.024 mol), HOBt (4.0 g, 0.026 mol), DIEA (10.5 mL, 0.06 mol) in 100 mL of DCM is added trifluoroethylamine HCl (2.92 g, 0.022 mol). The reaction mixture is stirred for 16 h. It is concentrated to dryness and redissolved in EtOAc, washed successively with 0.5N HCl, saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give 5.4 g (98%) of 2 as a white solid.

Step 2

Compound 2 (5.32 g, 0.0197 mol) is deprotected with a 1:1 mixture of DCM/TFA at rt for 45 min. Concentration to dryness gives the intermediate amine that is used directly for the next step. A mixture of 5-fluoro-2,4-dichloropyrimidine (3; R is F; 3.28 g, 0.0197 mol), the crude amine TFA salt (5.25 g, 0.0197 mol) and DIEA (10.27 mL, 0.059 mol) are stirred in isopropanol at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and redissolved in EtOAc, washed successively with 0.5N HCl, saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer is dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to give a crude oil that is subjected to chromatography (50% EtOAc/50% hexanes) to yield the desired compound 4.

Step 3

A mixture of 5 (30 mg, 0.075 mmol; prepared according to WO 2005/095400), 4 (23 mg, 0.075 mmol), Pd (Ph₃P)₄ (9 mg, 0.0078 mmol) and sodium carbonate 2M (115 uL, 0.23 mmol) in 1 mL of DME is microwaved at 150° C. for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture is filtered through a short pad of silica gel with 30% EtOAc-70% hexanes as eluent to provide, after concentration to dryness, the crude intermediate that is used directly for the next step.

The crude intermediate is dissolved in 1 mL of dry methanol and 200 uL of sodium methoxide in methanol 25% was added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 60° C. for 1 h and quenched with 6N HCl (154 uL). The mixture is dried under a flow of nitrogen and purified by reverse phase HPLC (10-60 MeCN/water w/0.5% TFA) to provide the desired material of formula 6a.

Compounds of formulae 6b and 6c may be prepared in an analogous manner using the appropriate starting reagents. For instance, a compound of formula 6b may generally be made by substituting Cert-butyl 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate for compound 1, while a compound of formula 6c may generally be made by substituting tert-butyl 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbamoyl)propan-2-ylcarbamate for compound 1.

Example 2 Analytical Results

Tables 4, 5 and 6 below depicts exemplary ¹H-NMR data (NMR) and liquid chromatographic mass spectral data, reported as mass plus proton (M+H), as determined by electrospray, and retention time (RT) for certain compounds of the present invention, wherein compound numbers in Tables 4, 5 and 6 correspond to the compounds depicted in Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively (empty cells indicate that the test was not performed):

PATENTS

new patent

WO-2014110259

• Ketoconazole, 1-acetyl-4- [4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-methyl]-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl] methoxy] phenyl] piperazine, is a racemic mixture of the cis enantiomers (-)-(2S, 4R) and (+)-(2R, 4S) marketed as an anti-fungal agent. Ketoconazole inhibits fungal growth through the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis. Ergosterol is a key component of fungal cell walls.
• More recently, ketoconazole was found to decrease plasma cortisol and to be useful, alone and in combination with other agents, in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions, including type 2 diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome (also known as the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Dysmetabolic Syndrome or Syndrome X), and other medical conditions that are associated with elevated cortisol levels. SeeU.S. Patent Nos. 5,584,790 ; 6,166,017 ; and 6,642,236 , each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Cortisol is a stress-related hormone secreted from the cortex of the adrenal glands. ACTH (adenocorticotropic hormone) increases cortisol secretion. ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland, a process activated by secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.
• Cortisol circulates in the bloodstream and activates specific intracellular receptors, such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Disturbances in cortisol levels, synthetic rates or activity have been shown to be associated with numerous metabolic complications, including insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. Additionally, these metabolic abnormalities are associated with substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease, a major cause of death in industrialized countries. See Mårin P et al., “Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese premenopausal women.” Metabolism 1992; 41:882-886, Bjorntorp, “Neuroendocrine perturbations as a cause of insulin resistance.” Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15(6): 427-41, and Rosmond, “Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005; 30(1): 1-10, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• While ketoconazole is known to inhibit some of the enzymatic steps in cortisol synthesis, such as, for example, 17α hydroxylase (Wachall et al., “Imidazole substituted biphenyls: a new class of highly potent and in vivo active inhibitors of P450 17 as potential therapeutics for treatment of prostate cancer.” Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7(9): 1913-24, incorporated herein by reference) and 11b-hydroxylase (Rotstein et al., “Stereoisomers of ketoconazole: preparation and biological activity.” J Med Chem 1992; 35(15): 2818-25) and 11β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) (Diederich et al., “In the search for specific inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs): chenodeoxycholic acid selectively inhibits 11β-HSD-L” Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 142(2): 200-7, incorporated herein by reference) the mechanisms by which ketoconazole decreases cortisol levels in the plasma have not been reported. For example, there is uncertainty regarding the effect of ketoconazole on the 11β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzymes. There are two 11β-HSD enzymes. One of these, 11β-HSD-I, is primarily a reductase that is highly expressed in the liver and can convert the inactive 11-keto glucocorticoid to the active glucocorticoid (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rats). In contrast, the other, 11β-HSD-II, is primarily expressed in the kidney and acts primarily as an oxidase that converts active glucocorticoid (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rats) to inactive 11-keto glucocorticoids. Thus, the plasma concentration of active glucocorticoid is influenced by the rate of synthesis, controlled in part by the activity of adrenal 11β-hydroxylase and by the rate of interconversion, controlled in part by the relative activities of the two 11β-HSD enzymes. Ketoconazole is known to inhibit these three enzymes (Diederich et al., supra) and the 2S,4R enantiomer is more active against the adrenal 11β-hydroxylase enzyme than is the 2R,4S enantiomer (Rotstein et al., supra). However, there are no reports describing the effect of the two ketoconazole enantiomers on either of 11β-HSD-I or 11β-HSD-II, so it is not possible to predict what effects, if any, the two different ketoconazole enantiomers will each have on plasma levels of the active glucocorticoid levels in a mammal.
• Ketoconazole has also been reported to lower cholesterol levels in humans (Sonino et al. (1991). “Ketoconazole treatment in Cushing’s syndrome: experience in 34 patients.” Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 35(4): 347-52; Gylling et al. (1993). “Effects of ketoconazole on cholesterol precursors and low density lipoprotein kinetics in hypercholesterolemia.” J Lipid Res. 34(1): 59-67) each of which is incorporated herein by reference). The 2S,4R enantiomer is more active against the cholesterol synthetic enzyme 14 αlanosterol demethylase than is the other (2R,4S) enantiomer (Rotstein et al infra). However, because cholesterol level in a human patient is controlled by the rate of metabolism and excretion as well as by the rate of synthesis it is not possible to predict from this whether the 2S,4R enantiomer of ketoconazole will be more effective at lowering cholesterol levels.
• The use of ketoconazole as a therapeutic is complicated by the effect of ketoconazole on the P450 enzymes responsible for drug metabolism. Several of these P450 enzymes are inhibited by ketoconazole (Rotsteinet al., supra). This inhibition leads to an alteration in the clearance of ketoconazole itself (Brass et al., “Disposition of ketoconazole, an oral antifungal, in humans.” Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 21(1): 151-8, incorporated herein by reference) and several other important drugs such as Glivec (Dutreix et al., “Pharmacokinetic interaction between ketoconazole and imatinib mesylate (Glivec) in healthy subjects.” Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54(4): 290-4) and methylprednisolone (Glynn et al., “Effects of ketoconazole on methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics and cortisol secretion.” Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 39(6): 654-9). As a result, the exposure of a patient to ketoconazole increases with repeated dosing, despite no increase in the amount of drug administered to the patient. This exposure and increase in exposure can be measured and demonstrated using the “Area under the Curve” (AUC) or the product of the concentration of the drug found in the plasma and the time period over which the measurements are made. The AUC for ketoconazole following the first exposure is significantly less than the AUC for ketoconazole after repeated exposures. This increase in drug exposure means that it is difficult to provide an accurate and consistent dose of the drug to a patient. Further, the increase in drug exposure increases the likelihood of adverse side effects associated with ketoconazole use.
• [0008]
  Rotstein et al. (Rotstein et al., supra) have examined the effects of the two ketoconazole cis enantiomers on the principal P450 enzymes responsible for drug metabolism and reported “…almost no selectivity was observed for the ketoconazole isomers” and, referring to drug metabolizing P450 enzymes: “[t]he IC50 values for the cis enantiomers were similar to those previously reported for racemic ketoconazole”. This report indicated that both of the cis enantiomers could contribute significantly to the AUC problem observed with the ketoconazole racemate.
• One of the adverse side effects of ketoconazole administration exacerbated by this AUC problem is liver reactions. Asymptomatic liver reactions can be measured by an increase in the level of liver specific enzymes found in the serum and an increase in these enzymes has been noted in ketoconazole treated patients (Sohn, “Evaluation of ketoconazole.” Clin Pharm 1982; 1(3): 217-24, and Janssen and Symoens, “Hepatic reactions during ketoconazole treatment.” Am J Med 1983; 74(1B): 80-5, each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In addition 1:12,000 patients will have more severe liver failure (Smith and Henry, “Ketoconazole: an orally effective antifungal agent. Mechanism of action, pharmacology, clinical efficacy and adverse effects.” Pharmacotherapy 1984; 4(4): 199-204, incorporated herein by reference). As noted above, the amount of ketoconazole that a patient is exposed to increases with repeated dosing even though the amount of drug taken per day does not increase (the “AUC problem”). The AUC correlates with liver damage in rabbits (Ma et al., “Hepatotoxicity and toxicokinetics of ketoconazole in rabbits.” Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003; 24(8): 778-782 incorporated herein by reference) and increased exposure to the drug is believed to increase the frequency of liver damage reported in ketoconazole treated patients.
• Additionally, U.S. Patent No. 6,040,307 , incorporated herein by reference, reports that the 2S,4R enantiomer is efficacious in treating fungal infections. This same patent application also reports studies on isolated guinea pig hearts that show that the administration of racemic ketoconazole may be associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia, but provides no data in support of that assertion. However, as disclosed in that patent, arrhythmia had not been previously reported as a side effect of systemic racemic ketoconazole, although a particular subtype of arrhythmia, torsades de pointes, has been reported when racemic ketoconazole was administered concurrently with terfenadine. Furthermore several published reports (for example, Morganroth et al. (1997). “Lack of effect of azelastine and ketoconazole coadministration on electrocardiographic parameters in healthy volunteers.” J Clin Pharmacol. 37(11): 1065-72) have demonstrated that ketoconazole does not increase the QTc interval. This interval is used as a surrogate marker to determine whether drugs have the potential for inducing arrhythmia. US Patent Number 6,040,307 also makes reference to diminished hepatoxicity associated with the 2S,4R enantiomer but provides no data in support of that assertion. The method provided in US Patent Number 6,040,307 does not allow for the assessment of hepatoxicity as the method uses microsomes isolated from frozen tissue.

…………………………

http://www.google.com/patents/EP1853266B1?cl=en

• DIO-902 is the single enantiomer 2S,4R ketoconazole and is derived from racemic ketoconazole. It is formulated using cellulose, lactose, cornstarch, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate as an immediate release 200 mg strength tablet. The chemical name is 2S,4R cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl] methoxyl]phenyl] piperazine, the formula is C₂₆H₂₈Cl₂N₄O₄, and the molecular weight is 531.44. The CAS number is 65277-42-1, and the structural formula is provided below. The chiral centers are at the carbon atoms 2 and 4 as marked.
• [0132]
  Ketoconazole is an imidazole-containing fungistatic compound. DIO-902 is an immediate release tablet to be taken orally and formulated as shown in the table below.
  

  Component	Percentage
  2S,4R ketoconazole; DIO-902	50%
  Silicified Microcrystalline Cellulose, NF (Prosolv HD 90)	16.5
  Lactose Monohydrate, NF (316 Fast-Flo)	22.4
  Corn Starch, NF (STA-Rx)	10
  Colloidal Silicon Dioxide, NF (Cab-O-Sil M5P)	0.5
  Magnesium Stearate, NF	0.6

  The drug product may be stored at room temperature and is anticipated to be stable for at least 2 years at 25° C and 50% RH. The drug is packaged in blister packs.

ketoconazole 2S,4R enantiomer

ketoconazole 2S,4S enantiomer

• ketoconazole 2R,4R enantiomer

ketoconazole 2R,4S enantiomer

……………………..

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (Impact Factor: 5.61). 08/1992; 35(15):2818-25. DOI: 10.1021/jm00093a015

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00093a015

…………………….

Enantioselective separation of ketoconazole enantiomers by membrane extraction

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586611001638

A new process has been developed to separate ketoconazole (KTZ) enantiomers by membrane extraction, with the oppositely preferential recognition of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chiral selectors in organic and aqueous phases, respectively. This system is established by adding hydrophobic l-isopentyl tartrate (l-IPT) in organic strip phase (shell side) and hydrophilic sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) in aqueous feed phase (lumen side), which preferentially recognizes (+)-2R,4S-ketoconazole and (−)-2S,4R-ketoconazole, respectively. The studies performed involve two enantioselective extractions in a biphasic system, where KTZ enantiomers form four complexes with SBE-β-CD in aqueous phase and l-IPT in organic phase, respectively. The membrane is permeable to the KTZ enantiomers but non-permeable to the chiral selector molecules. Fractional chiral extraction theory, mass transfer performance of hollow fiber membrane, enantioselectivity and some experimental conditions are investigated to optimize the separation system. Mathematical model of I/II = 0.893e^0.039NTU for racemic KTZ separation by hollow fiber extraction, is established. The optical purity for KTZ enantiomers is up to 90% when 9 hollow fiber membrane modules of 30 cm in length in series are used.

• I, (−)-2S,4R-ketoconazole;
• II, (+)-2R,4S-ketoconazole;
• CDs, cyclodextrin derivatives;
• l-IPT, l-isopentyl tartrate;
• d-IPT, d-isopentyl tartrate;
• HP-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin;
• Me-β-CD, methyl-β-cyclodextrin;
• β-CD, β-cyclodextrin;
• NTU, number of transfer units;
• HTU, height of a transfer unit;
• PVDF,polyvinylidene fluoride

…………………….

Stereoselective synthesis of both enantiomers of ketoconazole from (R)- and (S)-

• Stereoselective synthesis of both enantiomers of ketoconazole from (R)- and (S)-epichlorohydrin

  Original Research Article

• Pages 1283-1294
• Pelayo Camps, Xavier Farrés, Ma Luisa García, Joan Ginesta, Jaume Pascual, David Mauleón, Germano Carganico

• Bromobenzoates (2R,4R)- and (2S,4S)-18, prepared stereoselectively from (R)- and (S)-epichlorohydrin, were transformed into (2R,4S)-(+)- and (2S,4R)-(−)-Ketoconazole, respectively, following the known synthetic protocols for the racemic mixture.

Tetrahedron Asymmetry 1995, 6(6): 1283

Stereoselective syntheses of both enantiomers of ketoconazole (1) from commercially available (R)- or (S)-epichlorohydrin has been developed. The key-step of these syntheses involves the selective substitution of the methylene chlorine atom by benzoate on a mixture of  and  or of their enantiomers, followed by crystallization of the corresponding cis-benzoates, (2S,4R)-18 or(2S,4S)-18, from which (+)- or (−)-1 were obtained as described for (±)-1. The ee’s of (+)- and (−)-ketoconazole were determined by HPLC on the CSP Chiralcel OD-H.

………………..

WO 1996029325

 http://www.google.com/patents/WO1996029325A1?cl=en

The incidence of fungal infections has considerably increased over the last decades. Notwithstanding the utility of the antifungal compounds commercialized in the last 15 years, the investigation in this field is however very extensive. During this time, compounds belonging to the azole class have beer, commercialized for both the topical and oral administrations, such a class including imidazoles as well as 1,2,4-triazoles. Some of these compounds car. show m some degree a low gastrointestinal tolerance as well as hepatotoxycity.

A large number of pharmaceutically active compounds are commercialized as stereoisomeric mixtures. On the other hand, the case in which only one of said stereoisomers is pharmaceutically active is frequent.

The undesired enantiomer has a lower activity and it sometimes may cause undesired side-effects.

Ketoconazole (1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine), terconazole (1-[4-[[2(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(1H-1 , 2 ,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-4-(1-methylethyl)piperazine) and other related azole antifungal drugs contain in their structure a substituted 1,3-dioxolane ring, in which carbon atoms C2 and C4 are stereogenic centres, therefore four possible stereoisomers are possible. These compounds are commercialized in the form or cis racemates which show a higher antifungal activity than the corresponding trans racemates.

The cis homochiral compounds of the present invention, which are intermediates for the preparation of enantiomerically pure antifungal drugs, have been prepared previously in the racemic form and transformed into the different azole antifungal drugs in the racemic form [J. Heeres et al., J . Med . Chem . , 22 , 1003 (1979). J . Med . Chem . , 26, 611 (1983), J . Med . Chem . , 27 , 894 (1984) and US 4,144,346, 4,223,036, 4,358,449 and 4,335,125].

Scheme 1 shows the synthesis described for racemic ketoconazole [J. Heeres et al., J . Med . Chem . , 22 , 1003 (1979)]. Scheme 1

)

The synthesis of racemic terconazole [J. Heeres et al., J. Med . Chem . , 26 , 611 11983)] is similar. differing in the introduction of a 1 H- 1 , 2,4-triazol-1-yl substituent in place of 1H-imidazol-1-yl and in the nature of the phenol used in the last step of the synthetic sequence, which phenol is 1-methylethyl-4-(4- hydroxyphenyl)piperazme instead of 1-acetyl-4-(4-nydroxyphenyl)piperazine.

The preparation of racemic itraconazole [J. Heeres et al., J. Med . Chem. , 27 , 894 (1984)] is similar to that of terconazole, differing only in the nature of the phenol used in the last step of the synthetic sequence.

In the class of azoles containing a 1,3-dioxolane ring and a piperazine ring and moreover they are pure enantiomers, only the preparation of (+)- and (-)-ketoconazole has been described [D. M. Rotstein et al., J. Med . Chem . , 35, 2818 (1992)] (Scheme 2) starting from the tosylate of (+)- and (-) 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol.

Scheme 2

This synthesis suffers from a series of drawbacks, namely: a) the use of expensive, high molecular weight starting products which are available only on a laboratory scale, and b) the need for several chromatographies during the process in order to obtain products of suitable purity, which maKes said synthesis economically unattractive and difficult to apply industrially.

Recently (N. M. Gray, WO 94/14447 and WO 94/14446) the use of (-)-ketoconazole and (+)-ketoconazole as antifungal drugs causing less side-effects than (±)-ketoconazole has been claimed.

The industrial preparation of enantiomerically pure antifungal drugs with a high antifungal activity and less side-effects is however a problem in therapy. The present invention provides novel homochiral compounds which are intermediates for the industrial preparation of already known, enantiomerically pure antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole enantiomers, or of others which have not yet been reported in literature, which are described first in the present invention, such as (+)-terconazole and (-)-terconazoie, which show the cited antifungal action, allowing to attain the same therapeutical effectiveness using lower dosages than those required for racemic terconazole

Example 14 : (2S,4R)-(-)-1-acetyl-4-[4-[ [2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-methyl]-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine, (2S,4R) -(- )-ketoconazole.

This compound is prepared following the process described above for (2R,4S)-(+)-ketoconazole. Starting from HNa (60-65% dispersion in paraffin, 32 mg, 0.80 mmol), 1-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (153 mg, 0.69 mol) and (2S,4S)-(-)-IV (Ar = 2,4-dichlorophenyl, Y = CH, R = CH₃) (250 mg, 0.61 mmol), upon crystallization from an acetone:ethyl acetate mixture, (2S,4R) -(-)-ketoconazole is obtained [(2S,4R)-V Ar = 2,4-dichlorophenyl, Y = CH, Z = COCH₃] (196 mg, 61% yield) as a solid, m.p. 153-155ºC (lit. 155-157ºC); [α]_D ²⁰ = -10.50 (c = 0.4, CHCl₃) (lit. [α]_D ²⁵ = -10.58. c = 0.4, CHCl₃) with e.e. > 99% (determined by HPLC using the chiral stationary phase CHIRALCEL OD-H and ethanol:hexane 1:1 mixtures containing 0.1 % diethylamine as the eluent).

+ KETOCONAZOLE…. UNDESIRED

Example 7: (2 R ,4S)-(+)-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine (22, 4 S)-(+)-ketoconazole.

To a suspension of NaH (dispersed in 60-65% paraffin, 19.2 mg, 0.48 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (3 ml),

1-acetyl-4-(hydroxyphenyl)piperazine (102 mg, 0.46 mmol) is added and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Then, a solution of (2R,4R) – (+)-IV (Ar = 2,4-dichlorophenyl, Y = CH, R = CH₃) (160 mg, 0.39 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (5 ml) is added, and the mixture is heated at 80ºC for 4 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature, diluted with water

(20 ml) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3 × 25 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with water (3 × 25), dried with Na₂SO₄ and the solvent is evaporated off under vacuum. The oily residue thus obtained is crystallized from an acetone:ethyl acetate mixture to give (2R,4S)-(+)-ketoconazole ( (2R, 4 S) -V , Ar 2,4-dichlorophenyl, Y = CH , Z = COCH₃ ) ( 110 mg , 5 3 % yie ld ) as a white solid, m.p. 155-156°C (lit. 154-156ºC), [α]_D ²⁰ = + 8.99 (c = 0.4, CHCl₃) (lit. [α]_D ²⁵ = + 8.22, c = 0.4, CHCl₃), with e.e. > 99% (determined by HPLC using the chirai stationary phase CHIRALCEL OD-H and ethanol:hexane 1:1 mixtures containing 0.1% of diethylamine, as the eluent; (+)-Ketoconazole retention time 73,28 min. (-)-Ketoconazole, retention time 79.06 min).

IR (KBr), ʋ : 2875, 1645, 1584, 1511, 1462, 1425, 1250, 103S, 313 cm^-1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ : 2.12 (s, 3H, COCH₃),

3.02 (m, 2H, 3-H₂), 3.05 (m, 2H, 5-H₂), 3.27 (dd, J= 9.5

Hz, J’=7.0 Hz, 1H) and 3.70 (dd, J=9.5 Hz, J’=5.0 Hz, 1 H) (4″-CH₂), 3.60 (m, 2H, 6-H₂), 3.76 (m, 2H, 2-H₂), 3.73 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, J’=5.0 Hz, 1H) and 3.86 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, J’=6.5 Hz, 1H) (5″-H₂), 4.34 (m, 1H, 4″-H), 4.40 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H) and 5.00 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H) (CH₂-N), 4.34

(m, 1H, 4″-H), 6.76 [d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H, 2'(C6' )-H], 6.88

[d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H, C3'(C5)-H], 6.96 (s, 1H, imidazole 5- H), 6.99 (s, 1H, imidazole 4-H), 7.25 (dd, J=8.5 Hz, J’=2.0 Hz, 1H, 5″‘-H), 7.46 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, 3″‘-H),

7.53 (s, 1H, imidazole 2-H), 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H,

6″‘-H).

¹³C NMR (75.4 MHz, CDCI₃), δ : 21.3 (CH₃, COCH₃), 41.4 (CH₂, C₂), 46.3 (CH₂, C6), 50.6 (CH₂, C3), 51.0 (CH₂, C5), 51.2 (CH₂, CH₂-N), 67.6 [CH₂, C5″ and 4″-CH₂), 74.7 (CH, C4″), 108.0 (C, C2″), 115.2 [CH, C2'(6')], 118.8 [CH, C3'(5')], 121.2 (CH, imidazole C5), 127.2 (CH, C5″‘), 128.5 (CH, imidazole C4), 129.5 (CH, C6′”), 131.3 (CH, C3″‘), 133.0 (C, C2″‘), 134.6 (C, C1′”), 135.8 (C, C4″‘), 138.8 (CH, imidazole C2), 145.6 (C, C1′), 152.8 (C, C4′), 168.9 (C, CO).

…………………………

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the interaction of (+/-)-cis-ketoconazole with beta-cyclodextrin in the presence of (+)-L-tartaric acid
J Pharm Sci 1999, 88(6): 599

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the interaction of (±)-cis-ketoconazole with β-cyclodextrin in the presence of (+)-l-Tartaric acid (pages 599–607)

Enrico Redenti, Paolo Ventura, Giovanni Fronza, Antonio Selva, Silvia Rivara, Pier Vincenzo Plazzi and Marco Mor

Article first published online: 12 JUN 2000 | DOI: 10.1021/js980468o

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1021/js980468o/pdf

• Abstract
• PDF(154K)

¹H NMR spectroscopy was used for determining the optical purity of cis-ketoconazole enantiomers obtained by fractional crystallization. The chiral analysis was carried out using β-cyclodextrin in the presence of (+)-l-tartaric acid. The mechanism of the chiral discrimination process, the stability of the complexes formed, and their structure in aqueous solution were also investigated by ¹H and ¹³C chemical shift analysis, two-dimensional NOE experiments, relaxation time measurements, and mass spectrometry experiments. Theoretical models of the three-component interaction were built up on the basis of the available NMR data, by performing a conformational analysis on the relevant fragments on ketoconazole and docking studies on the components of the complex. The model derived from a folded conformation of ketoconazole turned out to be fully consistent with the molecular assembly found in aqueous solution, as inferred from NOE experiments. An explanation of the different association constants for the complexes of the two enantiomers is also provided on the basis of the interaction energies.

Migalastat hydrochloride

CAS Number: 75172-81-5 hydrochloride

CAS BASE….108147-54-2

ABS ROT = (+)

IN Van den Nieuwendijk, Adrianus M. C. H.; Organic Letters 2010, 12(17), 3957-3959 

3,4,5-Piperidinetriol,2-(hydroxymethyl)-, hydrochloride (1:1), (2R,3S,4R,5S)-

Molecular Structure:

Formula: C6H14ClNO4

Molecular Weight:199.63

Synonyms:  3,4,5-Piperidinetriol,2-(hydroxymethyl)-, hydrochloride, (2R,3S,4R,5S)- (9CI);

3,4,5-Piperidinetriol,2-(hydroxymethyl)-, hydrochloride, [2R-(2a,3a,4a,5b)]-;

Migalastat hydrochloride;Galactostatin hydrochloride;

(2S,3R,4S,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol hydrochloride;

• 1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin
• 1-Deoxygalactostatin
• Amigal
• DDIG
• Migalastat
• UNII-C4XNY919FW

Melting Point:160 °C-162…….http://www.google.com/patents/DE3906463A1?cl=de

Boiling Point:382.7 °C at 760 mmHg

Flash Point:185.2 °C

Amicus Therapeutics, Inc. innovator

Aug 2014

http://www.xconomy.com/new-york/2014/08/20/with-persistence-and-phase-3-win-amicus-nears-first-drug-approval/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=with-persistence-and-phase-3-win-amicus-nears-first-drug-approval

Amicus Therapeutics was on the ropes in late 2012 when its pill for a rare condition called Fabry Disease108147-54-2 failed a late-stage trial. It had already put seven years of work into the drug, and the setback added even more development time and uncertainty to the mix. But the Cranbury, NJ-based company kept plugging away, and now it looks like all the effort could lead to its first approved drug.

Amicus (NASDAQ: FOLD) is reporting today that the Fabry drug, migalastat, succeeded in the second of two late-stage trials. It hit two main goals that essentially measured its ability to slow the decline of Fabry patients’ kidney function comparably to enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT)—the standard of care for the often-fatal disorder.

Amicus believes the results, along with those from an earlier Phase 3 trial comparing migalastat to a placebo, are good enough to ask regulators in the U.S. and Europe for market approval.

“These are the good days to be a CEO,” says Amicus CEO John Crowley (pictured above). “It’s great when a plan comes together and data cooperates.”

Crowley says Amicus will seek approval of migalastat first in Europe and is already in talks with regulators there. In the next few months, Amicus will begin talking with the FDA about a path for approval in the U.S. as well.

End feb 2013

About Amicus Therapeutics

Amicus Therapeutics  is a biopharmaceutical company at the forefront of therapies for rare and orphan diseases. The Company is developing orally-administered, small molecule drugs called pharmacological chaperones, a novel, first-in-class approach to treating a broad range of human genetic diseases. Amicus’ late-stage programs for lysosomal storage disorders include migalastat HCl monotherapy in Phase 3 for Fabry disease; migalastat HCl co-administered with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in Phase 2 for Fabry disease; and AT2220 co-administered with ERT in Phase 2 for Pompe disease.

About Migalastat HCl

Amicus in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is developing the investigational pharmacological chaperone migalastat HCl for the treatment of Fabry disease. Amicus has commercial rights to all Fabry products in the United States and GSK has commercial rights to all of these products in the rest of world.

As a monotherapy, migalastat HCl is designed to bind to and stabilize, or “chaperone” a patient’s own alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) enzyme in patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to this chaperone in a cell-based assay. Migalastat HCl monotherapy is in Phase 3 development (Study 011 and Study 012) for Fabry patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to this chaperone monotherapy in a cell-based assay. Study 011 is a placebo-controlled study intended primarily to support U.S. registration, and Study 012 compares migalastat HCl to ERT to primarily support global registration.

For patients currently receiving ERT for Fabry disease, migalastat HCl in combination with ERT may improve ERT outcomes by keeping the infused alpha-Gal A enzyme in its properly folded and active form thereby allowing more active enzyme to reach tissues.2Migalastat HCl co-administered with ERT is in Phase 2 (Study 013) and migalastat HCl co-formulated with JCR Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd’s proprietary investigational ERT (JR-051, recombinant human alpha-Gal A enzyme) is in preclinical development.

About Fabry Disease

Fabry disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of an enzyme called alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A). The role of alpha-Gal A within the body is to break down specific lipids in lysosomes, including globotriaosylceramide (GL-3, also known as Gb3). Lipids that can be degraded by the action of α-Gal are called “substrates” of the enzyme. Reduced or absent levels of alpha-Gal A activity leads to the accumulation of GL-3 in the affected tissues, including the kidneys, heart, central nervous system, and skin. This accumulation of GL-3 is believed to cause the various symptoms of Fabry disease, including pain, kidney failure, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke.

It is currently estimated that Fabry disease affects approximately 5,000 to 10,000 people worldwide. However, several literature reports suggest that Fabry disease may be significantly under diagnosed, and the prevalence of the disease may be much higher.

1. Bichet, et al., A Phase 2a Study to Investigate the Effect of a Single Dose of Migalastat HCl, a Pharmacological Chaperone, on Agalsidase Activity in Subjects with Fabry Disease, LDN WORLD 2012

2. Benjamin, et al., Molecular Therapy: April 2012, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 717–726.

http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01458119

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/129812511/migalastat-hcl

Migalastat hydrochloride is a pharmacological chaperone in phase III development at Amicus Pharmaceuticals for the oral treatment of Fabry’s disease. Fabry’s disease occurs as the result of an inherited genetic mutation that results in the production of a misfolded alpha galactosidase A (alpha-GAL) enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) in the lysosome. Migalastat acts by selectively binding to the misfolded alpha-GAL, increasing its stability and promoting proper folding, processing and trafficking of the enzyme from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosome.

In February 2004, migalastat hydrochloride was granted orphan drug designation by the FDA for the treatment of Fabry’s disease.

The EMEA assigned orphan drug designation for the compound in 2006 for the treatment of the same indication. In 2007, the compound was licensed to Shire Pharmaceuticals by Amicus Therapeutics worldwide, with the exception of the U.S., for the treatment of Fabry’s disease.

In 2009, this license agreement was terminated. In 2010, the compound was licensed by Amicus Therapeutics to GlaxoSmithKline on a worldwide basis to develop, manufacture and commercialize migalastat hydrochloride as a treatment for Fabry’s disease, but the license agreement terminated in 2013.

………………………..

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO1999062517A1?cl=en

Example 1

A series of plant alkaloids (Scheme 1, ref. 9) were used for both in vitro inhibition and intracellular enhancement studies of α-Gal A activity. The results of inhibition experiments are shown in Fig. 1 A.

f^

Among the tested compounds, 1-deoxy-galactonojirimycin (DGJ, 5) known as a powerful competitive inhibitor for α-Gal A, showed the highest inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ at 4.7 nM. α-3,4-Di-epi-homonojirimycin (3) was an effective inhibitor with IC₅₀ at 2.9 μM. Other compounds showed moderate inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ ranging from 0.25 mM (6) to 2.6 mM (2). Surprisingly, these compounds also effectively enhanced α-Gal A activity in COS-1 cells transfected with a mutant α-Gal A gene (R301Q), identified from an atypical variant form of Fabry disease with a residual α- Gal A activity at 4% of normal. By culturing the transfected COS-1 cells with these compounds at concentrations cat 3 – 10-fold of IC₅₀ of the inhibitors, α-Gal A activity was enhanced 1.5 – 4-fold (Fig. 1C). The effectiveness of intracellular enhancement paralleled with in vitro inhibitory activity while the compounds were added to the culture medium at lOμM

concentration (Fig. IB).

………………………

WO 2008045015

or  http://www.google.com/patents/EP2027137A1?cl=en, http://www.google.com/patents/US7973157?cl=en

This invention relates to a process for purification of imino or amino sugars, such as D-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin hydrochloride (DGJ’HCl). This process can be used to produce multi-kilogram amounts of these nitrogen-containing sugars.

Sugars are useful in pharmacology since, in multiple biological processes, they have been found to play a major role in the selective inhibition of various enzymatic functions. One important type of sugars is the glycosidase inhibitors, which are useful in treatment of metabolic disorders. Galactosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages and are important in the metabolism of complex carbohydrates. Galactosidase inhibitors, such as D-I- deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ), can be used in the treatment of many diseases and conditions, including diabetes (e.g., U.S. Pat. 4,634,765), cancer (e.g., U.S. Pat. 5,250,545), herpes (e.g. , U.S. Pat. 4,957,926), HIV and Fabry Disease (Fan et al, Nat. Med. 1999 5:1, 112-5).

Commonly, sugars are purified through chromatographic separation. This can be done quickly and efficiently for laboratory scale synthesis, however, column chromatography and similar separation techniques become less useful as larger amounts of sugar are purified. The size of the column, amount of solvents and stationary phase (e.g. silica gel) required and time needed for separation each increase with the amount of product purified, making purification from multi-kilogram scale synthesis unrealistic using column chromatography.

Another common purification technique for sugars uses an ion- exchange resin. This technique can be tedious, requiring a tedious pre-treatment of the ion exchange resin. The available ion exchange resins are also not necessarily able to separate the sugars from salts (e.g., NaCl). Acidic resins tend to remove both metal ions found in the crude product and amino- or imino-sugars from the solution and are therefore not useful. Finding a resin that can selectively remove the metal cations and leave amino- or imino-sugars in solution is not trivial. In addition, after purification of a sugar using an ion exchange resin, an additional step of concentrating the diluted aqueous solution is required. This step can cause decomposition of the sugar, which produces contaminants, and reduces the yield.

U.S. Pats. 6,740,780, 6,683,185, 6,653,482, 6,653,480, 6,649,766, 6,605,724, 6,590,121, and 6,462,197 describe a process for the preparation of imino- sugars. These compounds are generally prepared from hydroxyl-protected oxime intermediates by formation of a lactam that is reduced to the hexitol. However, this process has disadvantages for the production on a multi-kg scale with regard to safety, upscaling, handling, and synthesis complexity. For example, several of the disclosed syntheses use flash chromatography for purification or ion-exchange resin treatment, a procedure that is not practicable on larger scale. One particularly useful imino sugar is DGJ. There are several DGJ preparations disclosed in publications, most of which are not suitable for an industrial laboratory on a preparative scale (e.g., >100 g). One such synthesis include a synthesis from D-galactose (Santoyo-Gonzalez, et al, Synlett 1999 593-595; Synthesis 1998 1787-1792), in which the use of chromatography is taught for the purification of the DGJ as well as for the purification of DGJ intermediates. The use of ion exchange resins for the purification of DGJ is also disclosed, but there is no indication of which, if any, resin would be a viable for the purification of DGJ on a preparative scale. The largest scale of DGJ prepared published is 13 g (see Fred-Robert Heiker, Alfred Matthias Schueller, Carbohydrate Research, 1986, 119-129). In this publication, DGJ was isolated by stirring with ion-exchange resin Lewatit MP 400 (OH^“) and crystallized with ethanol. However, this process cannot be readily scaled to multi- kilogram quantities.

Similarly, other industrial and pharmaceutically useful sugars are commonly purified using chromatography and ion exchange resins that cannot easily be scaled up to the purification of multi-kilogram quantities.

Therefore, there is a need for a process for purifying nitrogen- containing sugars, preferably hexose amino- or imino-sugars that is simple and cost effective for large-scale synthesis

FIG. 1. HPLC of purified DGJ after crystallization. The DGJ is over 99.5% pure.

FIG. 2A. ¹H NMR of DGJ (post HCl extraction and crystallization), from 0 – 15 ppm in DMSO.

FIG. 2B. ¹H NMR of DGJ (post HCl extraction and crystallization), from 0 – 5 ppm, in DMSO.

FIG. 3 A. ¹H NMR of purified DGJ (after recrystallization), from 0 – 15 ppm, in D₂O. Note OH moiety has exchanged with OD.

FIG. 3B. ¹H NMR of purified DGJ (after recrystallization), from 0 -

4 ppm, in D₂O. Note OH moiety has exchanged with OD.

FIG. 4. ¹³C NMR of purified DGJ, (after recrystallization), 45 – 76 ppm.

One amino-sugar of particular interest for purification by the method of the current invention is DGJ. DGJ, or D-l-deoxygalactonojirimycin, also described as (2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-hydroxymethyl-3,4,5-trihydroxypiperidine and 1- deoxy-galactostatin, is a noj irimycin (5-amino-5-deoxy-D-galactopyranose) derivative of the form:

……………………….

Synthesis of (+)-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and a related indolizidine

Tetrahedron Lett 1995, 36(5): 653

• Synthesis of (+)-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and a related indolizidine

  Original Research Article

• Pages 653-654
• Carl R. Johnson, Adam Golebiowski, Hari Sundram, Michael W. Miller, Renee L. Dwaihy

• Amido-alcohol 1 is transformed via aminal 2 into 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (3) and indolizidine 4.

Amido-alcohol 1 is transformed via aminal 2 into 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (3) and the structurally related indolizidine 4.

………………………

Synthesis of D-galacto-1-deoxynojirimycin (1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol) starting from 1-deoxynojirimycin

Carbohydr Res 1990, 203(2): 314

• Synthesis of d-galacto-1-deoxynojirimycin (1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-d-galactitol) starting from 1-deoxynojirimycin

• Pages 314-318
• Fred-Robert Heiker, Alfred Matthias Schueller
• • First page PDF

………………………………..

Synthesis of (+)-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol, a potent alpha-D-galactosidase inhibitor

Carbohydr Res 1987, 167: 305

• Synthesis of (+)-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-d-galactitol, a potent α-d-galactosidase inhibitor

• Pages 305-311
• Ronald C. Bernotas, Michael A. Pezzone, Bruce Ganem
• • First page PDF

……………………………..

SEE

Monosaccharides containing nitrogen in the ring, XXXVII. Synthesis of 1,5-didexy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol

Chem Ber 1980, 113(8): 2601

…………………………

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol101556k

IN

van den Nieuwendijk, Adrianus M. C. H.; Organic Letters 2010, 12(17), 3957-3959 

The chemoenzymatic synthesis of three 1-deoxynojirimycin-type iminosugars is reported. Key steps in the synthetic scheme include a Dibal reduction−transimination−sodium borohydride reduction cascade of reactions on an enantiomerically pure cyanohydrin, itself prepared employing almond hydroxynitrile lyase (paHNL) as the common precursor. Ensuing ring-closing metathesis and Upjohn dihydroxylation afford the target compounds.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ol101556k/suppl_file/ol101556k_si_002.pdf

COMPD 18

D-galacto-1-deoxynojirimicin.HCl (18).

D-N-Boc-6-OBn-galacto-1-deoxynojirimicin (159 mg, 0.450 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of MeOH

(10 mL) and 6 M HCl (2 mL). The flask was purged with argon, Pd/C-10% (20 mg) was added and a balloon

with hydrogen gas was placed on top of the reaction. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.

Pd/C was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated to yield the crude product (90 mg, 100%) as a

white foam that needed no further purification.

[α]24D = + 53.0 (c = 1, H2O);

[lit4a [α]24D = +44.6 (c = 0.9, H2O); lit4b [α]20D = +46.1 (c = 0.9, H2O)].

HRMS calculated for [C6H13NO4 + H]+164.09173; Found 164.09160.

1H NMR (400 MHz, D2O) δ 4.20 (dd, J = 2.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (ddd, J = 11.4, 9.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (ddd,

J = 20.9, 12.2, 6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.68 (dd, J = 9.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J = 12.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (ddd, J = 8.6,

4.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 2.97 – 2.86 (t, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H). [lit4c supporting information contains 1

H NMR-spectrumof an authentic sample].

13C NMR (101 MHz, D2O) δ 73.01, 66.97, 64.69, 60.16, 59.15, 46.15

4a) Ruiz, M.; Ruanova, T. M.; Blanco, O.; Núñez, F.; Pato, C.; Ojea, V. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2240

– 2255.

4b) Paulsen, H.; Hayauchi, Y.; Sinnwell, V. Chem. Ber. 1980, 113, 2601 – 2608. c)

McDonnell, C.; Cronin, L.; O’Brien, J. L.; Murphy, P. V. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3565 – 3568.

……………………………………….

(- ) FORM………… BE CAREFUL

Short and straightforward synthesis of (-)-1-deoxygalactonojirimycin

Org Lett 2010, 12(6): 1145

 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol100037c

The mildness and low basicity of vinylzinc species functioning as a nucleophile in addition to α-chiral aldehydes is characterized by lack of epimerization of the vulnerable stereogenic center. This is demonstrated by a highly diastereoselective synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin in eight steps from commercial starting materials with overall yield of 35%.

…………………………………………………..

Concise and highly stereocontrolled synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and its congeners using dioxanylpiperidene, a promising chiral building block

Org Lett 2003, 5(14): 2527

 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ol034886y

A concise and stereoselective synthesis of the chiral building block, dioxanylpiperidene 4 as a precursor for deoxyazasugars, starting from the Garner aldehyde 5 using catalytic ring-closing metathesis (RCM) for the construction of the piperidine ring is described. The asymmetric synthesis of 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin and its congeners 1−3 was carried out via the use of 4in a highly stereocontrolled mode.

mp 135-135.5 °C [lit.3mp 137-139 °C];

[α]D25 +27.8° (c 0.67, H2O)

[lit.3[α]D23 +28° (c 0.5, H2O)];

1H NMR (300 MHz, D2O) δ 2.59–2.65 (m, 1H), 2.81–2.87 (m, 1H),

3.02–3.08 (m, 1H), 3.46–3.48 (m, 2H), 3.59–3.66 (m, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, D2O) δ 44.7, 57.1,

58.4, 70.9, 71.4, 73.3 [lit4 13C NMR (125 MHz, D2O) δ 44.5, 56.8, 58.3, 70.1, 70.7, 72.3];

HRMScalcd for C6H13NO4 (M+) 163.0855, Found 163.0843. Anal. calcd for C6H13NO4: C, 44.16; N,

8.58; H, 8.03. Found: C, 44.31; N, 8.55; H, 7.71.

3. Schaller, C.; Vogel, P.; Jager, V. Carbohydrate Res. 1998, 314, 25-35.

4. Lee, B. W.; Jeong, Ill-Y.; Yang, M. S.; Choi, S. U.; Park, K. H. Synthesis 2000, 1305-1309.

…………………………………………..

Applications and limitations of the I2-mediated carbamate annulation for the synthesis of piperidines: Five- versus six-membered ring formation

J Org Chem 2013, 78(19): 9791

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo401512h

A protecting-group-free synthetic strategy for the synthesis of piperidines has been explored. Key in the synthesis is an I2-mediated carbamate annulation, which allows for the cyclization of hydroxy-substituted alkenylamines into piperidines, pyrrolidines, and furans. In this work, four chiral scaffolds were compared and contrasted, and it was observed that with both d-galactose and 2-deoxy-d-galactose as starting materials, the transformations into the piperidines 1-deoxygalactonorjirimycin (DGJ) and 4-epi-fagomine, respectively, could be achieved in few steps and good overall yields. When d-glucose was used as a starting material, only the furan product was formed, whereas the use of 2-deoxy-d-glucose resulted in reduced chemo- and stereoselectivity and the formation of four products. A mechanistic explanation for the formation of each annulation product could be provided, which has improved our understanding of the scope and limitations of the carbamate annulation for piperidine synthesis.

……………………………………………

Ruiz, Maria; Journal of Organic Chemistry 2008, 73(6), 2240-2255 

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo702601z

ROT  +44.6 °  Conc: 0.9 g/100mL; Solv: water ;  589.3 nm; Temp: 24 °C

A general strategy for the synthesis of 1-deoxy-azasugars from a chiral glycine equivalent and 4-carbon building blocks is described. Diastereoselective aldol additions of metalated bislactim ethers to matched and mismatched erythrose or threose acetonides and intramolecular N-alkylation (by reductive amination or nucleophilic substitution) were used as key steps. The dependence of the yield and the asymmetric induction of the aldol addition with the nature of the metallic counterion of the azaenolate and the γ-alkoxy protecting group for the erythrose or threose acetonides has been studied. The stereochemical outcome of the aldol additions with tin(II) azaenolates has been rationalized with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In accordance with DFT calculations with model glyceraldehyde acetonides, hightrans,syn,anti-selectivitity for the matched pairs and moderate to low trans,anti,anti-selectivity for the mismatched ones may originate from (1) the intervention of solvated aggregates of tin(II) azaenolate and lithium chloride as the reactive species and (2) favored chair-like transition structures with a Cornforth-like conformation for the aldehyde moiety. DFT calculations indicate that aldol additions to erythrose acetonides proceed by an initial deprotonation, followed by coordination of the alkoxy-derivative to the tin(II) azaenolate and final reorganization of the intermediate complex through pericyclic transition structures in which the erythrose moiety is involved in a seven-membered chelate ring. The preparative utility of the aldol-based approach was demonstrated by application in concise routes for the synthesis of the glycosidase inhibitors 1-deoxy-d-allonojirimycin, 1-deoxy-l-altronojirimycin, 1-deoxy-d-gulonojirimycin, 1-deoxy-d-galactonojirimycin, 1-deoxy-l-idonojirimycin and 1-deoxy-d-talonojirimycin.

…………………..

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo00002a057

………………

Hinsken, Werner; DE 3906463 A1 1990

http://www.google.com/patents/DE3906463A1?cl=de

Example 1 Preparation of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-glucitol hydrobromide

A suspension of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-glucitol (500 g) in isopropanol (2 l) with 48% hydrochloric acid, bromine (620 g). The suspension is stirred for 2 hours at 40 ° C, cooled to 0 ° C and the product isolated by filtration.

Yield: 700 g (93% of theory),
mp: 184 ° C.

Example 2 Preparation of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-mannitol hydrobromide

The prepared analogously to Example 1 from 1,5-dideoxy 1,5-imino-D-mannitol and 48% hydrobromic acid.

Yield: 89% of theory;

C₆H₁₄NO₄Br (244.1)
Ber .: C 29.5%; H 5.8%; N 5.7%; Br 32.7%;
vascular .: C 29.8%; H 5.8%; N 5.8%; Br 32.3%.

Example 3 Preparation of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-Galactitol- hydrochloride

The preparation was carried out analogously to Example 1 from 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-galactitol and corresponding mole ratios of 37% hydrochloric acid.
yield: 91% of theory
, mp: 160-162 ° C.

1-Deoxygalactonojirimycin:

(a) Liguchi, T.; Tajiri, K.; Ninomiya, I.; Naito, T. Tetrahedron2000, 56, 5819−5833.

(b) Mehta, G.; Mohal, N. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 5741−5745.

(c) Asano, K.; Hakogi, T.; Iwama, S.; Katsumura, S. Chem. Commun. 1999, 41−42.

(d) Johnson, C. R.; Golebiowsky, A.; Sundram, H.; Miller, M. W.; Dwaihy, R. L. TetraherdonLett. 1995, 36, 653−654.

(e) Uriel, C.; Santoyo-Gonzalez, F. Synlett 1999, 593−595.

(f) Ruiz, M.; Ruanova, T. M.; Ojea, V.; Quintela, J. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 2021−2024.

(g) Shilvock, J. P.; Fleet, G. W. J. Synlett 1998, 554−556.

(h) Chida, N.; Tanikawa, T.; Tobe, T.; Ogawa, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 1247−1248.

(i) Aoyagi, S.; Fujimaki, S.; Yamazaki, N.; Kibayashi, C. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 815−819.

(j) Kajimoto, T.; Chen, L.; Liu, K. K. C.; Wong, C. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 6678−6680.

(k) Bernotas, R. C.; Pezzone, M. A.; Ganem, B. Carbohydr. Res. 1987, 167, 305−311. 1-Deoxyidonojirimycin:

(l) Singh, O. V.; Han, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 2387−2391.

(m) Schaller, C.; Vogel, P.; Jager, V. Carbohydr. Res. 1998, 314, 25−35.

(n) Fowler, P. A.; Haines, A. H.; Taylor, R. J. K.; Chrystal, E. J. T.; Gravestock, M. B. Carbohydr. Res. 1993,246 377−381.

(o) Liu, K. K. C.; Kajimoto, T.; Chen, L.; Zhong, Z.; Ichikawa, Y.; Wong, C. H.J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 6280−6289. 1-Deoxygulonojirimycin:  ref 5l.

(p) Haukaas, M. H.; O’Doherty, G. A. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 401−404.

(q) Ruiz, M.; Ojea, V.; Ruanova, T. M.; Quintela, J. M. Tetrahedron:  Asymmetry 2002, 13, 795−799. (r) Liao, L.-X.; Wang, Z.-M.; Zhang, H.-X.; Zhou, W.-S. Tetrahedron:  Asymmetry 1999, 10, 3649−3657.

Aldoxorubicin, DOXO-EMCH

N’-[1-[4(S)-(3-Amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyloxy)-2(S),5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydronaphthacen-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethylidene]-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanohydrazide

1H-​Pyrrole-​1-​hexanoic acid, 2,​5-​dihydro-​2,​5-​dioxo-​, (2E)​-​2-​[1-​[(2S,​4S)​-​4-​[(3-​amino-​2,​3,​6-​trideoxy-​α-​L-​lyxo- ​hexopyranosyl)​oxy]​-​1,​2,​3,​4,​6,​11-​hexahydro-​2,​5,​12-​ trihydroxy-​7-​methoxy-​6,​11-​dioxo-​2-​naphthacenyl]​-​2-​ hydroxyethylidene]​hydrazide

CytRx is pouring money into R&D of cancer-fighting drugs             see article

Los Angeles Times

s most promising cancer-fighting drug, aldoxorubicin, is “sort of like a guided … Phase 3 clinical trial of a second-line treatment for soft-tissue sarcoma.

Aldoxorubicin

http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/usan/aldoxorubicin.pdf

 in phase 3         Cytrx Corporation

(E)-N’-(1-((2S,4S)-4-(((2R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-5-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2,5,12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethylidene)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanehydrazide hydrochloride

1H-Pyrrole-1-hexanoic acid, 2,5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo-, (2E)-2-[1-[(2S,4S)-4-[(3-amino-
2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,12-trihydroxy-
7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenyl]-2-hydroxyethylidene]hydrazide

N’-[(1E)-1-{(2S,4S)-4-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2,5,12-
trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl}-2-
hydroxyethylidene]-6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanohydrazide
MOLECULAR FORMULA C37H42N4O13

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 750.7

SPONSOR CytRx Corp.

CODE DESIGNATION

• Aldoxorubicin
• INNO 206
• INNO-206
• UNII-C28MV4IM0B

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER 1361644-26-9

CAS:  151038-96-9 (INNO-206); 480998-12-7 (INNO-206 HCl salt),  1361644-26-9

QC data:	View NMR, View HPLC, View MS
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):	View Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

hydrochloride

CAS:  151038-96-9

Chemical Formula: C37H42N4O13

Exact Mass: 750.27484

Molecular Weight: 750.75

Certificate of Analysis:	View current batch of CoA
QC data:	View NMR, View HPLC, View MS
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):	View Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Aldoxorubicin (INNO-206): Aldoxorubicin, also known as INNO-206,  is the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative prodrug of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) with antineoplastic activity. Following intravenous administration, doxorubicin prodrug INNO-206 binds selectively to the cysteine-34 position of albumin via its maleimide moiety. Doxorubicin is released from the albumin carrier after cleavage of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker within the acidic environment of tumors and, once located intracellularly, intercalates DNA, inhibits DNA synthesis, and induces apoptosis. Albumin tends to accumulate in solid tumors as a result of high metabolic turnover, rapid angiogenesis, hyervasculature, and impaired lymphatic drainage. Because of passive accumulation within tumors, this agent may improve the therapeutic effects of doxorubicin while minimizing systemic toxicity.

“Aldoxorubicin has demonstrated effectiveness against a range of tumors in both human and animal studies, thus we are optimistic in regard to a potential treatment for Kaposi’s sarcoma. The current standard-of-care for severe dermatological and systemic KS is liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®). However, many patients exhibit minimal to no clinical response to this agent, and that drug has significant toxicity and manufacturing issues,” said CytRx President and CEO Steven A. Kriegsman. “In addition to obtaining valuable information related to Kaposi’s sarcoma, this trial represents another opportunity to validate the value and viability of our linker technology platform.” The company expects to announce Phase-2 study results in the second quarter of 2015.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is an orphan indication, meaning that only a small portion of the population has been diagnosed with the disease (fewer than 200,000 individuals in the country), and in turn, little research and drug development is being conducted to treat and cure it. The FDA’s Orphan Drug Act may grant orphan drug designation to a drug such as aldoxorubicin that treats a rare disease like Kaposi’s sarcoma, offering market exclusivity for seven years, fast-track status in some cases, tax credits, and grant monies to accelerate research

The widely used chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin is delivered systemically and is highly toxic, which limits its dose to a level below its maximum therapeutic benefit. Doxorubicin also is associated with many side effects, especially the potential for damage to heart muscle at cumulative doses greater than 450 mg/m2. Aldoxorubicin combines doxorubicin with a novel single-molecule linker that binds directly and specifically to circulating albumin, the most plentiful protein in the bloodstream. Protein-hungry tumors concentrate albumin, thus increasing the delivery of the linker molecule with the attached doxorubicin to tumor sites. In the acidic environment of the tumor, but not the neutral environment of healthy tissues, doxorubicin is released. This allows for greater doses (3 1/2 to 4 times) of doxorubicin to be administered while reducing its toxic side effects. In studies thus far there has been no evidence of clinically significant effects of aldoxorubicin on heart muscle, even at cumulative doses of drug well in excess of 2,000 mg/m2.

INNO-206 is an anthracycline in early clinical trials at CytRx Oncology for the treatment of breast cancer, HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, stomach cancer and pancreatic cancer. In 2014, a pivotal global phase 3 clinical trial was initiated as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic, locally advanced or unresectable soft tissue sarcomas. The drug candidate was originally developed at Bristol-Myers Squibb, and was subsequently licensed to KTB Tumorforschungs. In August 2006, Innovive Pharmaceuticals (acquired by CytRx in 2008) licensed the patent rights from KTB for the worldwide development and commercialization of the drug candidate. No recent development has been reported for research that had been ongoing for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

INNO-206 is a doxorubicin prodrug. Specifically, it is the 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone of doxorubicin. After administration, the drug candidate rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the acid sensitive EMCH linker. Circulating albumin preferentially accumulates in tumors, bypassing uptake by other non-specific sites including the heart, bone marrow and the gastrointestinal tract. Once inside the acidic environment of the tumor cell, the EMCH linker is cleaved and free doxorubicin is released at the tumor site. Like other anthracyclines, doxorubicin inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating between base pairs of the DNA/RNA strand, thus preventing the replication of rapidly-growing cancer cells. It also creates iron-mediated free oxygen radicals that damage the DNA and cell membranes. In 2011, orphan drug designation was assigned in the U.S. for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma.

CytRx Corporation (NASDAQ:CYTR) has  announced it has initiated a pivotal global Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin as a second-line treatment for patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) under a Special Protocol Assessment with the FDA. Aldoxorubicin combines the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin with a novel linker-molecule that binds specifically to albumin in the blood to allow for delivery of higher amounts of doxorubicin (3.5 to 4 times) without several of the major treatment-limiting toxicities seen with administration of doxorubicin alone.

According to a news from Medicalnewstoday.com; CytRx holds the exclusive worldwide rights to INNO-206. The Company has previously announced plans to initiate Phase 2 proof-of-concept clinical trials in patients with pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and soft tissue sarcomas, upon the completion of optimizing the formulation of INNO-206. Based on the multiple myeloma interim results, the Company is exploring the possibility of rapidly including multiple myeloma in its INNO-206 clinical development plans.

According to CytRx’s website, In preclinical models, INNO-206 was superior to doxorubicin with regard to ability to increase dosing, antitumor efficacy and safety. A Phase I study of INNO-206 that demonstrated safety and objective clinical responses in a variety of tumor types was completed in the beginning of 2006 and presented at the March 2006 Krebskongress meeting in Berlin. In this study, doses were administered at up to 4 times the standard dosing of doxorubicin without an increase in observed side effects over historically seen levels. Objective clinical responses were seen in patients with sarcoma, breast, and lung cancers.

 INNO-206 – Mechanism of action:

According to CytRx’s website, the proposed mechanism of action is as the follow steps: (1) after administration, INNO-206 rapidly binds endogenous circulating albumin through the EMCH linker. (2) circulating albumin preferentially accumulates in tumors, bypassing uptake by other non-specific sites including heart, bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract; (3) once albumin-bound INNO-206 reaches the tumor, the acidic environment of the tumor causes cleavage of the acid sensitive linker; (4) free doxorubicin is released at the site of the tumor.

INNO-206 – status of clinical trials:

CytRx has announced  that, in December 2011, CytRx initiated its international Phase 2b clinical trial to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of INNO-206 as a first-line therapy in patients with soft tissue sarcoma who are ineligible for surgery. The Phase 2b clinical trial will provide the first direct clinical trial comparison of INNO-206 with native doxorubicin, which is dose-limited due to toxicity, as a first-line therapy. (source:http://cytrx.com/inno_206, accessed date: 02/01/2012).

Results of Phase I study:

In a phase I study a starting dose of 20 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents was chosen and 41 patients with advanced cancer disease were treated at dose levels of 20–340 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalents . Treatment with INNO-206 was well tolerated up to 200 mg/m2 without manifestation of drug-related side effects which is a ~3-fold increase over the standard dose for doxorubicin (60 mg/kg). Myelosuppression and mucositis were the predominant adverse effects at dose levels of 260 mg/m2 and became dose-limiting at 340 mg/m2. 30 of 41 patients were assessable for analysis of response. Partial responses were observed in 3 patients (10%, small cell lung cancer, liposacoma and breast carcinoma). 15 patients (50%) showed a stable disease at different dose levels and 12 patients (40%) had evidence of tumor progression. (source: Invest New Drugs (2010) 28:14–19)

phase 2

CytRx Corporation (CYTR), a biopharmaceutical research and development company specializing in oncology, today announced that its oral presentation given by Sant P. Chawla, M.D., F.R.A.C.P., Director of the Sarcoma Oncology Center, titled “Randomized phase 2b trial comparing first-line treatment with aldoxorubicin versus doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas,” was featured in The Lancet Oncology in its July 2014 issue (Volume 15, Issue 8) in a review of the major presentations from the 2014 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting.

“We are honored to have been included in The Lancet Oncology’s review of major presentations from ASCO and pleased that these important clinical findings are being recognized by one of the world’s premier oncology journals,” said Steven A. Kriegsman, CytRx President and CEO. “In clinical trials, aldoxorubicin has been shown to be a well-tolerated and efficacious single agent for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) that lacks the cardiotoxicity associated with doxorubicin therapy, the current standard of care. We remain on track to report the full overall survival results from this trial prior to year-end 2014.”

The data presented at ASCO 2014 were updated results from CytRx’s ongoing multicenter, randomized, open-label global Phase 2b clinical trial investigating the efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin compared with doxorubicin as first-line therapy in subjects with metastatic, locally advanced or unresectable STS. The updated trial results demonstrated that aldoxorubicin significantly increases progression-free survival (PFS), PFS at 6 months, overall response rate (ORR) and tumor shrinkage, compared to doxorubicin, the current standard-of-care, as a first-line treatment in patients with STS. The data trended in favor of aldoxorubicin for all of the major subtypes of STS

phase 3

Aldoxorubicin is currently being studied in a pivotal global Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of aldoxorubicin as a second-line treatment for patients with STS under a Special Protocol Assessment with the FDA. CytRx is also conducting two Phase 2 clinical trials evaluating aldoxorubicin in patients with late-stage glioblastoma (GBM) and HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma and expects to start a phase 2b study in patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer

PATENTS       WO 2000076551, WO 2008138646, WO 2011131314,

…………………….

WO 2014093815

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014093815A1?cl=en

Anthracyclines are a class of antibiotics derived from certain types of Streptomyces bacteria. Anthracyclines are often used as cancer therapeutics and function in part as nucleic acid intercalating agents and inhibitors of the DNA repair enzyme topoisomerase II, thereby damaging nucleic acids in cancer cells, preventing the cells from replicating. One example of an anthracycline cancer therapeutic is doxorubicin, which is used to treat a variety of cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. The 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) was originally synthesized to provide an acid-sensitive linker that could be used to prepare immunoconjugates of doxorubicin and monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor antigens (Willner et al., Bioconjugate Chem 4:521-527 (1993)). In this context, antibody disulfide bonds are reduced with dithiothreitol to form free thiol groups, which in turn react with the maleimide group of DOXO-EMCH to form a stable thioether bond. When administered, the doxorubicin-antibody conjugate is targeted to tumors containing the antigen recognized by the antibody. Following antigen-antibody binding, the conjugate is internalized within the tumor cell and transported to lysosomes. In the acidic lysosomal environment, doxorubicin is released from the conjugate intracellularly by hydrolysis of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker. Upon release, the doxorubicin reaches the cell nucleus and is able to kill the tumor cell. For additional description of doxorubicin and

DOXO-EMCH see, for example, U.S. Patents 7,387,771 and 7,902,144 and U.S. Patent Application No. 12/619,161, each of which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.

[0003] A subsequent use of DOXO-EMCH was developed by reacting the molecule in vitro with the free thiol group (Cys-34) on human serum albumin (HSA) to form a stable thioether conjugate with this circulating protein (Kratz et al, J Med Chem 45:5523-5533 (2002)). Based on these results, it was

hypothesized that intravenously-administered DOXO-EMCH would rapidly conjugate to HSA in vivo and that this macromolecular conjugate would preferentially accumulate in tumors due to an “enhanced permeability and retention” (EPR) intratumor effect (Maeda et al., J Control Release 65:271-284 (2000)).

[0004] Acute and repeat-dose toxicology studies with DOXO-EMCH in mice, rats, and dogs identified no toxicity beyond that associated with doxorubicin, and showed that all three species had significantly higher tolerance for DOXO-EMCH compared to doxorubicin (Kratz et al, Hum Exp Toxicol 26: 19-35 (2007)). Based on the favorable toxicology profile and positive results from animal tumor models, a Phase 1 clinical trial of DOXO-EMCH was conducted in 41 advanced cancer patients (Unger et al, Clin Cancer Res 13:4858-4866 (2007)). This trial found DOXO-EMCH to be safe for clinical use. In some cases, DOXO-EMCH induced tumor regression.

[0005] Due to the sensitivity of the acid-cleavable linker in DOXO-EMCH, it is desirable to have formulations that are stable in long-term storage and during reconstitution (of, e.g., previously lyophilized compositions) and administration. DOXO-EMCH, when present in compositions, diluents and administration fluids used in current formulations, is stable only when kept at low temperatures. The need to maintain DOXO-EMCH at such temperatures presents a major problem in that it forces physicians to administer cold (4°C) DOXO-EMCH compositions to patients. Maintaining DOXO-EMCH at low temperatures complicates its administration in that it requires DOXO-EMCH to be kept at 4°C and diluted at 4°C to prevent degradation that would render it unsuitable for patient use. Further, administration at 4°C can be harmful to patients whose body temperature is significantly higher (37°C).

[0006] Lyophilization has been used to provide a stable formulation for many drugs. However, reconstitution of lyophilized DOXO-EMCH in a liquid that does not maintain stability at room temperature can result in rapid decomposition of DOXO-EMCH. Use of an inappropriate diluent to produce an injectable composition of DOXO-EMCH can lead to decreased stability and/or solubility. This decreased stability manifests itself in the cleavage of the linker between the doxorubicin and EMCH moieties, resulting in degradation of the DOXO-EMCH into two components: doxorubicin and linker-maleimide. Thus, stable,

reconstituted lyophilized solutions of anthracycline-EMCH (e.g., DOXO-EMCH), and injectable compositions containing the same, are required to solve these problems and to provide a suitable administration vehicle that can be used reasonably in treating patients both for clinical trials and commercially.

DOXO-EMCH. The term “DOXO-EMCH,” alone or in combination with any other term, refers to a compound as depicted by the following structure:

OH

DOXO-EMCH is also referred to as (E)-N’-(l-((2S,4S)-4-(4-amino-5-hydroxy-6- methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy-2,5 , 12-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6, 11- dioxol,2,3,4,6,l l-hexahydrotetracen-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethylidene)-6-(2,5-dioxo-2H- pyrrol- 1 (5H)yl)hexanehydrazide^»HCl.

………………………………

CN 102675385

http://www.google.com/patents/CN102675385A?cl=en

According to literature reports, (eg see David Willner et al, “(6_Maleimidocaproyl) hydrazoneof Doxorubicm-A New Derivative for the Preparation ofImmunoconjugates oiDoxorubicin,” Bioconjugate Chem. 1993,4, 521-527; JK Tota Hill, etc. man, “The method of preparation of thioether compounds noir,” CN1109886A, etc.), adriamycin 13 – bit hydrazone derivative synthesis and the main process are as follows:

[0004]

[0005] First, maleic anhydride and 6 – aminocaproic acid was refluxed in a large number of acid reaction ko ni acid I; agent under the action of the ring after the cyclization maleimidocaproic acid 2 (yield 30-40% ), cyclic acid anhydride mixture is generally ko, trimethyl silyl chloride and tri-amines such ko; maleimido aminocaproic acid tert-butyl ester with hydrazine to condensation to give 2 – (6 – aminocaproic maleimido ) hydrazine carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 3 (yield 70-85%), the condensing agent is N-methylmorpholine and isobutyl chloroformate; 3 in a large number of trifluoroacetic acid deprotection ko maleimido ko has trifluoroacetic acid hydrazide 4 (yield 70%); the doxorubicin hydrochloride salt with a ko in trifluoroacetic acid catalyzed condensation in methanol solvent to doxorubicin hydrazone product was obtained (yield 80%) .

[0006] The synthetic method the yield is low (in particular, by maleic acid imido step 2), the total yield of not more than 20%, and the solvent consumption is large, adriamycin hydrazone product per Malek consumes about ko acid reaction solvent, 70mL, tetrahydrofuran 300mL, ko trifluoroacetic acid 40mL, and because the 2 – (6 – maleimido hexanoyl)-hydrazine carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester was purified by column chromatography required, but also to consume a large amount of Solvent. This has resulted in synthesis post-processing complex process, complicated operation. And because the end product of the synthesis of doxorubicin hydrazone ko using trifluoroacetic acid, inevitably there will be in the product ko trifluoroacetic acid impurities, not divisible. Based on the high cost of such a route exists, yield and production efficiency is low, Eri Arts route operational complexity and other shortcomings, is obviously not suitable for mass production, it is necessary to carry out improvements or exploring other Eri Arts synthesis methods.

doxorubicin hydrazone derivative,

Wherein n is an integer of 1-15, characterized in that said method comprises the steps of: (1) the maleic acid chloride of the formula H2N-(CH2) n-COOH amino acid I b in the presence of a base prepared by condensation of maleimido group steps I c acid,

(2) maleic acid imido group I c and then with an acylating reagent of tert-butyl carbazate in the presence of a base in the reaction of step I d,

(3) I d deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid, the alkali and removing trifluoroacetic acid to obtain the maleimido group I e hydrazide steps

(4) an imido group of maleic hydrazide I e and doxorubicin hydrochloride catalyzed condensation of hydrogen chloride to obtain a final product hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin,

[0028]

[0049] The butene-ni chloride 15. 2g (0. Imol) was dissolved in 25mL of chloroform was dried by adding anhydrous potassium carbonate 27. 6g (0. 2mol), the gas and gas protection and conditions of 0 ° C was added dropwise 6 – aminocaproic acid 13. 2g (0. ImoI) in chloroform (50mL) solution, add after reaction at room temperature for 3 hours. Washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, suction filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was recrystallized from alcohol ko maleimido acid (Compound c) 18. 8g, 90% yield, m.p. :85-87 ° C.

[0050] Compound c 10. 5g (50mmol) and thionyl chloride crab 5. 3mL (75mmol) was heated under reflux the mixture I. 5 hours and concentrated under reduced pressure in an argon atmosphere under the conditions of 0 ° C and added dropwise to the hydrazine carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 6.6g (50mmol) amine with a three ko

10. 8mL (75mmol) in anhydrous ko ether (50mL) solution added after the reaction was continued at room temperature for I. 5 hours. Washed with 5% hydrochloric acid, 5% sodium bicarbonate, and saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate overnight, filtered with suction to give the compound of d ko ether solution. The solution was cooled to 0 ° C, was added dropwise trifluoroacetic acid ko 7. 4mL (100mmOl), After the addition the reaction was continued for 10 minutes, suction filtered, the filter cake was washed twice with ether, ko and dried in vacuo to give 6 – maleic acid sub-aminocaproic acid hydrazide trifluoro-ko 12. 2g, 72% yield, m.p. 99-102 ° C. IOmL this salt is added to sodium hydroxide (10%) solution, stirred for a while, with ko extracted with ether, the organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to give 6 – aminocaproic maleimido hydrazide (compound e) 7. Sg, 70% yield.

[0051] The doxorubicin hydrochloride 0. 58g (Immol) with compound e 0. 45g (2mmol) was dissolved in 150mL of anhydrous methanol, passing about 2mmol of dry hydrogen chloride, under argon, at room temperature protected from light and reaction conditions 24 inches. Concentrated under reduced pressure at room temperature, the solid was washed with about IOOmL ko nitrile, and dried in vacuo doxorubicin 6 – aminocaproic maleimido hydrazone O. 63g, 80% yield. 1H NMR (CD3OD) δ: 7. 94 (bd, 1H), 7. 82 (t, 1H), 7. 55 (d, 1H), 6. 78 (s, 2H), 5. 48 (s, 1H ), 5. 07 (t, 1H), 4 · 59 (d, 1H), 4 · 21 (m, 1Η), 4 · 02 (s, 3H), 3 · 63-3. 30 (m, 5H) , 2 · 55-2. 26 (m, 4H), 2. 19-1. 88 (m, 3Η), I. 69-1. 18 (m, 12Η, I. 26). [0052] Although specific reference to the above embodiments of the present invention will be described, it will be understood that in the appended claims without departing from the invention as defined by the spirit and scope of the skilled person can be variously truncated, substitutions and changes. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses these deletions, substitutions and changes.

………………………………….

US 5622929

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US5622929

OR

http://www.google.co.in/patents/EP0554708A1

Method A:

As noted below, Method A is the preferred method when the Michael Addition Receptor is a maleimido moiety.

Alternatively, the Formula (IIa) compound may be prepared by reaction of the drug with a hydrazide to form an intermediate hydrazone drug derivative followed by reaction of this compound with a Michael Addition Receptor containing moiety according to the general process described in Method B:

…………………………………….

http://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2012167255A1?cl=en

Synthesis of DOXO-EMCH

The synthesis of DOXO-EMCH was done initially in accordance with that previously published by Willner and co-workers (Bioconjugate Chem., 4:521-527, 1993). Problems arose in the initial addition of the 6-maleimidocaproylhydrazine to the C-13 ketone of doxorubicin. HPLC results did not give a good yield of product, only 50-60%. Upon further analysis, we determined TFA was not needed to catalyze the reaction, and instead used pyridine. With pyridine, chromatograms from the HPLC showed 90% DOXO-EMCH relative to 10% DOX. The pyridine may have improved the yield by serving as a base to facilitate formation of the hydrazone. Another problem we encountered in the synthesis was purification of the final product. According to Willner’ s method, 5 volumes of acetonitrile (ACN) were to be added to a concentrated methanolic solution of crude DOXO-EMCH to achieve crystallization after 48 h at 4 °C. By this method, only 10-20%) of the desired product precipitated. To obtain a better yield, the crystallization step was done 4 times with 6 volumes of ACN used in each step. A lesser amount of methanol was needed each time, as less product remained in solution. Even with the multiple crystallizations, a final yield of only 59% was obtained. Various other methods for crystallization were explored, including using different solvents and increasing the initial solubility in methanol by heat, but none gave better results. 1.2 Rate of Hydrolysis of DOXO-EMCH at Varying pH

Subsequent pH studies to determine the rate of hydrolysis of the hydrazone were carried out as a benchmark for later hydrolysis experiments with PPD-EMCH. The results of the hydrolysis experiments showed that at lower pH, the hydrolysis reaction proceeded very quickly in the formation of DOX. Moreover, at higher pH the hydrazone proved to be very robust in that its degradation is very slow.

General HPLC instruments and methods

Analytical HPLC methods were performed using a Hewlett-Packard/ Aligent 1050/1100 chromatograph with an auto injector, diode array UV-vis absorption detector. Method 1.1 : Analytical HPLC injections were onto an Aligent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 reversed phase column, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, eluting at 1.0 mL/min. A gradient of acetonitrile/20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9), 80% buffer to 55% at 10 min, 55% to 40% at 12 min, 40% to 80% at 13 min. Retention times: at 480 nm, DOX (9.4 min), DOXO-EMCH (1 1.2 min).

Synthesis of DOXO-EMCH

The synthesis of DOXO-EMCH was accomplished using the procedure reported by Willner et al, with several changes to improve the yield (Willner, D., et al.,

Bioconjugate Chem., 4:521-27, 1993). DOX’HCl (20 mg, 34 μιηοΐ) was dissolved in 6 mL of methanol. Pyridine (12.53 μί) was added to the solution, followed by 35.4 mg

EMCH’TFA. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. By HPLC, the reaction was 90% complete. The solvent was evaporated to dryness by rotary evaporation. A minimal amount of methanol was used to dissolve the solid, and six volumes of acetonitrile at 4 °C were added to the solution. The resulting solution was allowed to sit undisturbed at 4 °C for 48 h for crystallization. The precipitate was collected, and the crystallization method was repeated 4 times. The resulting solids were combined and washed three times with 1 : 10 methanokacetonitrile. The final yield of DOXO-EMCH was 11.59 mg, 58%. HPLC Method 1.1 was used. NMR spectra corresponded to those previously given by Willner (Bioconjugate Chem. 4:521-27. 1993).

…………………………….

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US20070219351

DOXO-EMCH, the structural formula of which is shown below,

…………………………………

SEE

(6-Maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone of doxorubicin – A new derivative for the preparation of immunoconjugates of doxorubicin
Bioconjugate Chem 1993, 4(6): 521

1: Kratz F, Azab S, Zeisig R, Fichtner I, Warnecke A. Evaluation of combination therapy schedules of doxorubicin and an acid-sensitive albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin in the MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic xenograft model. Int J Pharm. 2013 Jan 30;441(1-2):499-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 10. PubMed PMID: 23149257.

2: Walker L, Perkins E, Kratz F, Raucher D. Cell penetrating peptides fused to a thermally targeted biopolymer drug carrier improve the delivery and antitumor efficacy of an acid-sensitive doxorubicin derivative. Int J Pharm. 2012 Oct 15;436(1-2):825-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.043. Epub 2012 Jul 28. PubMed PMID: 22850291; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3465682.

3: Kratz F, Warnecke A. Finding the optimal balance: challenges of improving conventional cancer chemotherapy using suitable combinations with nano-sized drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2012 Dec 10;164(2):221-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.045. Epub 2012 Jun 13. PubMed PMID: 22705248.

4: Sanchez E, Li M, Wang C, Nichols CM, Li J, Chen H, Berenson JR. Anti-myeloma effects of the novel anthracycline derivative INNO-206. Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Jul 15;18(14):3856-67. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3130. Epub 2012 May 22. PubMed PMID: 22619306.

5: Kratz F, Elsadek B. Clinical impact of serum proteins on drug delivery. J Control Release. 2012 Jul 20;161(2):429-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.028. Epub 2011 Dec 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 22155554.

6: Elsadek B, Kratz F. Impact of albumin on drug delivery–new applications on the horizon. J Control Release. 2012 Jan 10;157(1):4-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.069. Epub 2011 Sep 16. Review. PubMed PMID: 21959118.

7: Kratz F, Fichtner I, Graeser R. Combination therapy with the albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin (INNO-206) and doxorubicin achieves complete remissions and improves tolerability in an ovarian A2780 xenograft model. Invest New Drugs. 2012 Aug;30(4):1743-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-011-9686-5. Epub 2011 May 18. PubMed PMID: 21590366.

8: Boga C, Fiume L, Baglioni M, Bertucci C, Farina C, Kratz F, Manerba M, Naldi M, Di Stefano G. Characterisation of the conjugate of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin with lactosaminated human albumin by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Oct 8;38(3):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.08.001. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 19695327.

9: Graeser R, Esser N, Unger H, Fichtner I, Zhu A, Unger C, Kratz F. INNO-206, the (6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin), shows superior antitumor efficacy compared to doxorubicin in different tumor xenograft models and in an orthotopic pancreas carcinoma model. Invest New Drugs. 2010 Feb;28(1):14-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-008-9208-2. Epub 2009 Jan 8. PubMed PMID: 19148580.

10: Kratz F. Albumin as a drug carrier: design of prodrugs, drug conjugates and nanoparticles. J Control Release. 2008 Dec 18;132(3):171-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.05.010. Epub 2008 May 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 18582981.

11: Unger C, Häring B, Medinger M, Drevs J, Steinbild S, Kratz F, Mross K. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin. Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 15;13(16):4858-66. PubMed PMID: 17699865.

12: Lebrecht D, Walker UA. Role of mtDNA lesions in anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2007;7(2):108-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 17652814.

13: Kratz F. DOXO-EMCH (INNO-206): the first albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin to enter clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Jun;16(6):855-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 17501697.

14: Kratz F, Ehling G, Kauffmann HM, Unger C. Acute and repeat-dose toxicity studies of the (6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH), an albumin-binding prodrug of the anticancer agent doxorubicin. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007 Jan;26(1):19-35. PubMed PMID: 17334177.

15: Lebrecht D, Geist A, Ketelsen UP, Haberstroh J, Setzer B, Kratz F, Walker UA. The 6-maleimidocaproyl hydrazone derivative of doxorubicin (DOXO-EMCH) is superior to free doxorubicin with respect to cardiotoxicity and mitochondrial damage. Int J Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;120(4):927-34. PubMed PMID: 17131338.

16: Di Stefano G, Lanza M, Kratz F, Merina L, Fiume L. A novel method for coupling doxorubicin to lactosaminated human albumin by an acid sensitive hydrazone bond: synthesis, characterization and preliminary biological properties of the conjugate. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2004 Dec;23(4-5):393-7. PubMed PMID: 15567293.

KEY words

Aldoxorubicin, CytRx, CANCER, INNO-206, PHASE 3, oncology,  Soft Tissue Sarcoma

ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY

Read all about Organic Spectroscopy on ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY INTERNATIONAL 

Duvelisib

Infinity and AbbVie partner to develop and commercialise duvelisib for cancer

INK 1197; IPI 145; 8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-[(1S)-1-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

1(2H)-Isoquinolinone, 8-chloro-2-phenyl-3-((1S)-1-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-
8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-((1S)-1-(7H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)isoquinolin-1(2H)-one

(S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

UNII-610V23S0JI; IPI-145; INK-1197;

Originator…….. Millennium Pharmaceuticals

 
Infinity Pharmaceuticals has partnered with AbbVie to develop and commercialise its duvelisib (IPI-145), an oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-delta and PI3K-gamma, to treat patients with cancer. 

Infinity Pharmaceuticals has partnered with AbbVie to develop and commercialise its duvelisib (IPI-145), an oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-delta and PI3K gamma, to treat patients with cancer.

Duvelisib has shown clinical activity against different blood cancers, such as indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (iNHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

AbbVie executive vice-president and chief scientific officer Michael Severino said: “We believe that duvelisib is a very promising investigational treatment based on clinical data showing activity in a broad range of blood cancers.”

http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/news/newsinfinity-abbvie-partner-develop-commercialise-duvelisib-cancer-4363381?WT.mc_id=DN_News 

Duvelisib (IPI-145,  INK-1197), an inhibitor of PI3K-delta and –gamma, originated at Takeda subsidiary Intellikine. It is now being developed by Infinity Pharmaceuticals, which began a phase III trial in November, following US and EU grant of orphan drug status for both CLL and small lymphocytic leukemia

INK-1197 is a dual phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase delta (PI3Kdelta) and gamma (PI3Kgamma) inhibitor in phase III clinical development at Infinity Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma. The company is also carring phase II trials for the treatment of patients with mild asthma undergoing allergen challenge, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of advanced hematological malignancies (including T-cell lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma) are currently under way.
IPI-145 is an oral inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-delta and PI3K-gamma. The PI3K-delta and PI3K-gamma isoforms are preferentially expressed in leukocytes (white blood cells), where they have distinct and non-overlapping roles in key cellular functions, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration and immunity. Targeting PI3K-delta and PI3K-gamma may provide multiple opportunities to develop differentiated therapies for the treatment of blood cancers and inflammatory diseases.
Licensee Infinity Pharmaceuticals is developing INK-1197. In 2014, Infinity licensed Abbvie for joint commercialization in the U.S. and exclusive commercialization elsewhere. Originator Millennium Pharmaceuticals had also been developing the compound; however, no recent development has been reported for this research. In 2013, orphan drug designations were assigned by the FDA and the EMA for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, for the treatment of small lymphocytic lymphoma and for the treatment of follicular lymphoma.

currently enrolling patients DYNAMO™, a Phase 2 study designed to evaluate the activity and safety of IPI-145 in approximately 120 people with refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) and DUO™, a Phase 3 clinical study of IPI-145 in approximately 300 people with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These studies are supported by Phase 1 data reported at the 2013 American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting which showed that IPI-145 was well tolerated and clinically active in a broad range of malignancies, including iNHL and CLL. These studies are part of DUETTS™, a worldwide investigation of IPI-145 in blood cancers.

WO 2011008302

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011008302A1?cl=en

Reaction Scheme 1

Reaction Scheme 2:

201 202 203

204 205

Reaction Scheme 3:

Reaction Scheme 4A:

Reaction Scheme 4B:

2

Example 14b: Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (9)

(compound 4904)

Scheme 27b. The synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (9)

(compound 4904) is described.

[00493] The compound of Formula 4904 (compound 292 in Table 4) was synthesized using the synthetic transformations as described in Examples 12 and 14a, but 2-chloro-6-methyl benzoic acid (compound 4903) was used instead of 2, 6 ,dimethyl benzoic acid (compound 4403). By a similar method, compound 328 in Table 4 was synthesized using the synthetic transformations as described starting from the 2-chloro-6-methyl m-fluorobenzoic acid.

 

…………………………………….

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012097000A1?cl=en  OR   http://www.google.com/patents/US8809349?cl=en

Formula (I):

(I),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof. In one embodiment, the method comprises any one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight, or more of the following steps:

“Formula (I)” includes (S)-3-(l -(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2- phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one in its imide tautomer shown below as (1-1) and in its lactim tautomer shown below as (1-2):

(1-1)………………………………………………………………………………… (1-2)

[0055] FIG. 27 shows an FT-IR spectra of Polymorph Form C.

 

 

[0056] FIG. 28 shows a ‘H-NMR spectra of Polymorph Form C.

 

 

[0057] FIG. 29 shows a ¹³C-NMR spectra of Polymorph Form C.

 

Example 1

Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

Example 1A

1 2

[00563] Compound 1 (6.00 kg) was treated with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBt^»H₂0), triethylamine, Ν,Ο-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, and EDCI in dimethylacetamide (DMA) at

10 °C. The reaction was monitored by proton NMR and deemed complete after 2.6 hours, affording Compound 2 as a white solid in 95% yield. The R-enantiomer was not detected by proton NMR using (R)-(- ) -alpha-ace tylmandelic acid as a chiral-shift reagent.

[00564] Compound 3 (4.60 kg) was treated with p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and 3,4-dihydro-2H- pyran (DHP) in ethyl acetate at 75 °C for 2.6 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC. Upon completion of the reaction, Compound 4 was obtained as a yellow solid in 80% yield with >99% (AUC) purity by HPLC analysis.

[00565] Compound 5 (3.30 kg) was treated with thionyl chloride and a catalytic amount of DMF in methylene chloride at 25 °C for five hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC which indicated a 97.5% (AUC) conversion to compound 6. Compound 6 was treated in situ with aniline in methylene chloride at 25 °C for 15 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and afforded Compound 7 as a brown solid in 81% yield with >99% (AUC) purity by HPLC analysis. [00566] Compound 2 was treated with 2.0 M isopropyl Grignard in THF at -20 °C. The resulting solution was added to Compound 7 (3.30 kg) pre -treated with 2.3 M n-hexyl lithium in tetrahydrofuran at -15 °C. The reaction was monitored by HPLC until a 99% (AUC) conversion to Compound 8 was observed.

Compound 8 was treated in situ with concentrated HC1 in isopropyl alcohol at 70 °C for eight hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and afforded Compound 9 as a brown solid in 85% yield with 98% (AUC) purity and 84% (AUC) ee by HPLC analysis.

Example ID

[00567] Compound 9 (3.40 kg) was treated with D-tartaric acid in methanol at 55 °C for 1-2 hours. The batch was filtered and treated with ammonium hydroxide in deionized (DI) water to afford enantiomerically enriched Compound 9 as a tan solid in 71% yield with >99% (AUC) purity and 91% (AUC) ee by HPLC analysis.

Example 2

Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

Example 2A

[00568] To Compound 7 (20.1 g) was charged 100 mL of anhydrous THF. The resulting solution was cooled to about -10 °C and 80 mL of n-hexyl lithium (2.3 M in hexanes, 2.26 equiv.) was slowly added (e.g. , over about 20 min). The resulting solution was stirred at about -10 °C for about 20 min.

[00569] To Compound 2 (26.5 g; 1.39 equiv.) was charged 120 mL of anhydrous THF. The resulting mixture was cooled to about -10 °C and 60 mL of isopropyl magnesium chloride (2.0 M in THF, 1.47 equiv.) was slowly added (e.g. , over about 15-20 min). The resulting mixture was then stirred at about -10 °C for about 20 min. The mixture prepared from Compound 2 was added to the solution prepared from Compound 7 while maintaining the internal temperature between about -10 and about 0 °C. After the addition was complete (about 5 min), the cold bath was removed, and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for about 1 h, then cooled. [00570] A solution of 100 mL of anisole and 33 mL of isobutyric acid (4.37 equiv.) was prepared. The anisole solution was cooled to an internal temperature of about -3 °C. The above reaction mixture was added to the anisole solution such that the internal temperature of the anisole solution was maintained at below about 5 °C. The ice bath was then removed (after about 15 min, the internal temperature was about 7 °C). To the mixture, 100 mL of 10 wt aqueous NaCl solution was rapidly added (the internal temperature increased from about 7 °C to about 15 °C). After stirring for about 30 min, the two phases were separated. The organic phase was washed with another 100 mL of 10 wt aqueous NaCl. The organic phase was transferred to a flask using 25 mL of anisole to facilitate the transfer. The anisole solution was then concentrated to 109 g. Then, 100 mL of anisole was added.

[00571] To the approximately 200 mL of anisole solution was added 50 mL of TFA (8 equiv.) while maintaining the internal temperature below about 45-50 °C. The resulting solution warmed to about 45-50 °C and stirred for about 15 hrs, then cooled to 20-25 °C. To this solution was added 300 mL of MTBE dropwise and then the resulting mixture was held at 20-25 °C for 1 h. The mixture was filtered, and the wet cake washed with approximately 50 mL of MTBE. The wet cake was conditioned on the filter for about 1 h under nitrogen. The wet cake was periodically mixed and re-smoothed during conditioning. The wet cake was then washed with 200 mL of MTBE. The wet cake was further conditioned for about 2 h (the wet cake was mixed and resmoothed after about 1.5 h). The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven at about 40 °C for about 18 h to afford Compound 9^»TFA salt in about 97.3% purity (AUC), which had about 99.1 % S- enantiomer (e.g. , chiral purity of about 99.1 %).

[00572] Compound 9^»TFA salt (3 g) was suspended in 30 mL of EtOAc at about 20 °C. To the EtOAc suspension was added 4.5 mL (2.2 eq.) of a 14% aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution and the internal temperature decreased to about 17 °C. Water (5 mL) was added to the biphasic mixture. The biphasic mixture was stirred for 30 min. The mixing was stopped and the phases were allowed to separate. The aqueous phase was removed. To the organic phase (combined with 5 mL of EtOAc) was added 10 mL of 10% aqueous NaCl. The biphasic mixture was stirred for about 30 min. The aqueous phase was removed. The organic layer was concentrated to 9 g. To this EtOAc mixture was added 20 mL of i-PrOAc. The resulting mixture was concentrated to 14.8 g. With stirring, 10 mL of n-heptane was added dropwise. The suspension was stirred for about 30 min, then an additional 10 mL of n-heptane was added. The resulting suspension was stirred for 1 h. The suspension was filtered and the wet cake was washed with additional heptane. The wet cake was conditioned for 20 min under nitrogen, then dried in a vacuum oven at about 40 °C to afford Compound 9 free base in about 99.3% purity (AUC), which had about 99.2% S-enantiomer (e.g., chiral purity of about 99.2%).

Example 2B [00573] A mixture of Compound 7 (100 g, 0.407 mol, 1 wt) and THF (500 mL, 5 vol) was prepared and cooled to about 3 °C. n-Hexyllithium (2.3 M in hexanes, 400 mL, 0.920 mol, 2.26 equiv) was charged over about 110 minutes while maintaining the temperature below about 6 °C. The resulting solution was stirred at 0 ± 5 °C for about 30 minutes. Concurrently, a mixture of Compound 2 (126 g, 0.541 mol, 1.33 equiv) and THF (575 mL, 5.8 vol) was prepared. The resulting slurry was charged with isopropylmagnesium chloride (2.0 M in THF, 290 mL, 0.574 mol, 1.41 equiv) over about 85 minutes while maintaining the temperature below about 5 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for about 35 minutes at 0 ± 5 °C. The Compound 2 magnesium salt mixture was transferred to the Compound 7 lithium salt mixture over about 1 hour while maintaining a temperature of 0 ± 5 °C. The solution was stirred for about 6 minutes upon completion of the transfer.

[00574] The solution was added to an about -5 °C stirring solution of isobutyric acid (165 mL, 1.78 mol, 4.37 equiv) in anisole (500 mL, 5 vol) over about 20 minutes during which time the temperature did not exceed about 6 °C. The resulting solution was stirred for about 40 minutes while being warmed to about 14 °C. Then, a 10% sodium chloride solution (500 mL, 5 vol) was rapidly added to the reaction. The temperature rose to about 21 °C. After agitating the mixture for about 6 minutes, the stirring was ceased and the lower aqueous layer was removed (about 700 mL). A second portion of 10% sodium chloride solution (500 mL, 5 vol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. Then, the stirring was ceased and the lower aqueous layer was removed. The volume of the organic layer was reduced by vacuum distillation to about 750 mL (7.5 vol).

[00575] Trifluoroacetic acid (250 mL, 3.26 mol, 8.0 equiv) was added and the resulting mixture was agitated at about 45 °C for about 15 hours. The mixture was cooled to about 35 °C and MTBE (1.5 L, 15 vol) was added over about 70 minutes. Upon completion of the addition, the mixture was agitated for about 45 minutes at about 25-30 °C. The solids were collected by vacuum filtration and conditioned under N₂ for about 20 hours to afford Compound 9*TFA salt in about 97.5% purity (AUC), which had a chiral purity of about 99.3%.

[00576] Compound 9^»TFA salt (100 g) was suspended EtOAc (1 L,10 vol) and 14% aqueous ammonia (250 mL, 2.5 vol). The mixture was agitated for about 30 minutes, then the lower aqueous layer was removed. A second portion of 14% aqueous ammonia (250 mL, 2.5 vol) was added to the organic layer. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, then the lower aqueous layer was removed. Isopropyl acetate (300 mL, 3 vol) was added, and the mixture was distilled under vacuum to 500 mL (5 vol) while periodically adding in additional isopropyl acetate (1 L, 10 vol).

[00577] Then, after vacuum-distilling to a volume of 600 mL (6 vol), heptanes (1.5 L, 15 vol) were added over about 110 minutes while maintaining a temperature between about 20 °C and about 30 °C. The resulting slurry was stirred for about 1 hour, then the solid was collected by vacuum filtration. The cake was washed with heptanes (330 mL, 3.3 vol) and conditioned for about 1 hour. The solid was dried in an about 45 °C vacuum oven for about 20 hours to afford Compound 9 free base in about 99.23% purity (AUC), which has a chiral purity of about 99.4%.

Example 3

Chiral Resolution of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9)

[00578] In some instances, (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) obtained by synthesis contained a minor amount of the corresponding (R)-isomer. Chiral resolution procedures were utilized to improve the enantiomeric purity of certain samples of (S)-3-(l-aminoethyl)-8- chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin- 1 (2H)-one.

[00579] In one experiment, Compound 9 (3.40 kg) was treated with D-tartaric acid in methanol at about 55 °C for about 1 to about 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and treated with ammonium hydroxide in deionized (DI) water to afford Compound 9 in greater than about 99% (AUC) purity, which had a chiral purity of about 91% (AUC).

[00580] In another procedure, MeOH (10 vol.) and Compound 9 (1 equiv.) were stirred at 55 ± 5 °C. D- Tartaric acid (0.95 equiv.) was charged. The mixture was held at 55 ± 5 °C for about 30 min and then cooled to about 20 to about 25 °C over about 3 h. The mixture was held for about 30 min and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (2.5 vol.) and then conditioned. The cake was returned to the reactor and water (16 vol.) was charged. The mixture was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C. NH₄OH was then charged over about 1 h adjusting the pH to about 8 to about 9. The mixture was then filtered and the cake was washed with water (4 vol.) and then heptanes (4 vol.). The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 45-50 °C to afford Compound 9 free base with a chiral purity of about 99.0%.

Example 4

Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

[00581] A mixture of Compound 7 (1 equiv.) and anhydrous THF (5 vol.) was prepared. Separately, a mixture of Compound 2 (1.3 equiv.) and anhydrous THF (5 vol.) was prepared. Both mixtures were stirred for about 15 min at about 20 to about 25 °C and then cooled to -25 ± 15 °C. n-Hexyl lithium (2.05 equiv.) was added to the Compound 7 mixture, maintaining the temperature at > 5 °C. i-PrMgCl (1.33 equiv.) was added to the Compound 2 mixture, maintaining the temperature at > 5 °C. The Compound 2 mixture was transferred to the Compound 7 mixture under anhydrous conditions at 0 ± 5 °C. The resulting mixture was warmed to 20 ± 2 °C and held for about 1 h. Then, the reaction was cooled to -5 ± 5 °C, and 6 N HC1 (3.5 equiv.) was added to quench the reaction, maintaining temperature at below about 25 °C. The aqueous layer was drained, and the organic layer was distilled under reduced pressure until the volume was 2-3 volumes. IPA (3 vol.) was added and vacuum distillation was continued until the volume was 2-3 volumes. IPA (8 vol.) was added and the mixture temperature was adjusted to about 60 °C to about 75 °C. Cone. HC1 (1.5 vol.) was added and the mixture was subsequently held for 4 hours. The mixture was distilled under reduced pressure until the volume was 2.5-3.5 volumes. The mixture temperature was adjusted to 30 ± 10 °C. DI water (3 vol.) and DCM (7 vol.) were respectively added to the mixture. Then, NH₄OH was added to the mixture, adjusting the pH to about 7.5 to about 9. The temperature was adjusted to about 20 to about 25 °C. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was washed with DCM (0.3 vol.). The combined DCM layers were distilled until the volume was 2 volumes. i-PrOAc (3 vol.) was added and vacuum distillation was continued until the volume was 3 volumes. The temperature was adjusted to about 15 to about 30 °C. Heptane (12 vol.) was charged to the organic layer, and the mixture was held for 30 min. The mixture was filtered and filter cake was washed with heptane (3 vol.). The cake was vacuum dried at about 45 °C afford Compound 9.

[00582] Then, MeOH (10 vol.) and Compound 9 (1 equiv.) were combined and stirred while the temperature was adjusted to 55 ± 5 °C. D-Tartaric acid (0.95 equiv.) was charged. The mixture was held at 55 ± 5 °C for about 30 min and then cooled to about 20 to about 25 °C over about 3 h. The mixture was held for 30 min and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH (2.5 vol.) and then conditioned. Water (16 vol.) was added to the cake and the mixture was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C. NH₄OH was charged over 1 h adjusting the pH to about 8 to about 9. The mixture was then filtered and the resulting cake washed with water (4 vol.) and then heptanes (4 vol.). The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 45-50 °C to afford Compound 9.

[00583] To a mixture of i-PrOH (4 vol.) and Compound 9 (1 equiv.) was added Compound 4 (1.8 equiv.), Et₃N (2.5 equiv.) and i-PrOH (4 vol.). The mixture was agitated and the temperature was adjusted to 82 ± 5 °C. The mixture was held for 24 h. Then the mixture was cooled to about 20 to about 25 °C over about 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the cake was washed with i-PrOH (2 vol.), DI water (25 vol.) and n-heptane (2 vol.) respectively. The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 50 ± 5 °C to afford Compound 10.

To a mixture of EtOH (2.5 vol.) and Compound 10 (1 equiv.) was added EtOH (2.5 vol.) and DI water (2 vol.). The mixture was agitated at about 20 to about 25 °C. Cone. HC1 (3.5 equiv.) was added and the temperature was adjusted to 35 ± 5 °C. The mixture was held for about 1.5 h. The mixture was cooled to 25 ± 5 °C and then polish filtered to a particulate free vessel. NH₄OH was added, adjusting the pH to about 8 to about 9. Crystal seeds of Form C of a compound of Formula (I) (0.3 wt ) were added to the mixture which was held for 30 minutes. DI water (13 vol.) was added over about 2 h. The mixture was held for 1 h and then filtered. The resulting cake was washed with DI water (4 vol.) and n-heptane (2 vol.) respectively. The cake was conditioned for about 24 h and then DCM (5 vol.) was added. This mixture was agitated for about 12 h at about 20 to about 25 °C. The mixture was filtered and the cake washed with DCM (1 vol.). The cake was conditioned for about 6 h. The cake was then vacuum-dried at 50 ± 5 °C. To the cake was added DI water (10 vol.), and i-PrOH (0.8 vol.) and the mixture was agitated at 25 ± 5 °C for about 6 h. An XRPD sample confirmed the compound of Formula (I) was Form C. The mixture was filtered and the cake was washed with DI water (5 vol.) followed by n-heptane (3 vol.). The cake was conditioned and then vacuum dried at 50 ± 5 °C to afford a compound of Formula (I) as polymorph Form C. Example 5

Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

Example 5A

[00584] Compound 9 (2.39 kg) was treated with Compound 4 and triethylamine in isopropyl alcohol at 80 °C for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC until completion, affording 8-chloro-2-phenyl-3- ((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H^yran-2-yl)-9H^urin-6-ylamino)ethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (compound 10) as a tan solid in 94% yield with 98% (AUC) purity by HPLC analysis.

[00585] 8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)- isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (compound 10) (3.63 kg) was treated with HC1 in ethanol at 30 °C for 2.3 hours. The reaction was monitored by HPLC until completion, and afforded a compound of Formula (I) as a tan solid in 92% yield with >99% (AUC) purity and 90.9% (AUC) ee by HPLC analysis.

Example 5B

[00586] 3-(l-Aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) (0.72 mmol), 6-chloro- 9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (Compound 4) (344 mg, 1.44 mmol) and DIPEA

(279 mg, 2.16 mmol) were dissolved in «-BuOH (20 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at reflux for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (eluting with 30% to 50% Hex/EA) to afford the product, 8-chloro-2-phenyl-3-((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H- pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 10), as a white solid (60% yield). [00587] 8-Chloro-2-phenyl-3-((lS)-l-(9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)- isoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 10) (0.42 mmol) was dissolved in HCl/EtOH (3 M, 5 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NaHC0₃ aqueous solution and the pH was adjusted to about 7-8. The mixture was extracted with CH₂C1₂ (50 mL x 3), dried over anhydrous Na₂S0₄, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes (1 : 1). The solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to afford the product (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino) ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin- l(2H)-one (Formula (I)) (90% yield) as a white solid as polymorph Form A.

Example 5C

[00588] 3-(l-Aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) and 6-chloro-9- (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (Compound 4) are combined in the presence of triethylamine and isopropyl alcohol. The reaction solution is heated at 82 °C for 24 hours to afford Compound 10. The intermediate compound 10 is treated with concentrated HCl and ethanol under aqueous conditions at 35 °C to remove the tetrahydropyranyl group to yield (S)-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2- phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one. Isolation/purification under aqueous conditions affords polymorph Form C.

Example 6

Synthesis of (S)-3-(l-(9H^urin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

[00589] 3-(l-Aminoethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 9) (150 g; 90% ee) and 6- chloro-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (Compound 4) (216 g, 1.8 equiv) were charged to a round bottom flask followed by addition of IPA (1.2 L; 8 vol) and triethylamine (175 mL; 2.5 equiv). The resultant slurry was stirred at reflux for one day. Heptane (1.5 L; 10 vol) was added dropwise over two hours. The batch was then cooled to 0-5 °C, held for one hour and filtered. The cake was washed with heptane (450 mL; 3 vol) and returned to the reactor. IPA (300 mL; 2 vol) and water (2.25 L; 15 vol) were added and the resultant slurry stirred at 20-25 °C for three and half hours then filtered. The cake was washed with water (1.5 L; 10 vol) and heptane (450 mL; 3 vol) and then vacuum dried at 48 °C for two and half days to give 227 g (90.1 %) of the intermediate (Compound 10) as an off-white solid with >99% (AUC) purity and >94 ee (chiral HPLC). The ee was determined by converting a sample of the cake to the final product and analyzing it with chiral HPLC.

[00590] The intermediate (Compound 10) (200 g) was slurried in an ethanol (900 mL; 4.5 vol) / water (300 mL; 1.5 vol) mixture at 22 °C followed by addition of cone. HC1 (300 mL; 1.5 vol) and holding for one and half hours at 25-35 °C. Addition of HC1 resulted in complete dissolution of all solids producing a dark brown solution. Ammonium hydroxide (260 mL) was added adjusting the pH to 8-9. Product seeds of polymorph Form C (0.5 g) (Form A seeds can also be used) were then added and the batch which was held for ten minutes followed by addition of water (3 L; 15 vol) over two hours resulting in crystallization of the product. The batch was held for 3.5 hours at 20-25 °C and then filtered. The cake was washed with water (1 L; 5 vol) followed by heptane (800 mL; 4 vol) and vacuum dried at 52 °C for 23 hours to give 155.5 g (93.5%) of product with 99.6% (AUC) purity and 93.8% ee (chiral HPLC).

Example 7

-3-(l-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)ethyl)-8-chloro-2-phenylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one

[00591] A mixtue of isopropanol (20.20 kg, 8 vol.), Compound 9 (3.17 kg, 9.04 mol, 1 eq.), Compound 4 (4.61 kg, 16.27 mol, 1.8 eq.) and triethylamine (2.62 kg, 20.02 mol, 2.4 eq.) was prepared and heated to an internal temperature of 82 ± 5 °C. The mixture was stirred at that temperature for an additional about 24 h. The temperature was adjusted to 20 ± 5 °C slowly over a period of about 2 h and the solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a Sharkskin paper. The filter cake was rinsed sequentially with IPA (5.15 kg, 3 vol.), purified water (80.80 kg, 25 vol.) and n-heptane (4.30 kg, 2 vol.). The cake was further dried for about 4 days in vacuo at 50 ± 5 °C to afford Compound 10.

[00592] To a mixture of ethanol (17.7 kg, 5 vol.) and Compound 10 (4.45 kg, 8.88 mol. 1.0 eq.) was added purified water (8.94 kg, 2 vol.). To this mixture was slowly added concentrated HC1 (3.10 kg, 3.5 eq.) while maintaining the temperature below about 35 °C. The mixture was stirred at 30 ± 5 °C for about 1.5 h and HPLC analysis indicated the presence the compound of Formula (I) in 99.8% (AUC) purity with respect to compound 10.

[00593] Then, the compound of Formula (I) mixture was cooled to 25 ± 5 °C. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 8 using pre filtered ammonium hydroxide (1.90 kg). After stirring for about 15 min, Form C crystal seeds (13.88 g) were added. After stirring for about 15 min, purified water (58.0 kg, 13 vol.) was charged over a period of about 2 h. After stirring the mixture for 15 h at 25 ± 5 °C, the solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a PTFE cloth over Sharkskin paper. The filter cake was rinsed with purified water (18.55 kg, 4 vol.) followed by pre -filtered n-heptane (6.10 kg, 2 vol.). After conditioning the filter cake for about 24 h, HPLC analysis of the filter cake indicated the presence the compound of Formula (I) in about 99.2% (AUC) purity.

[00594] To the filter cake was added dichloromethane (29.9 kg, 5 vol.) and the slurry was stirred at 25 ± 5 °C for about 24 h. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a PTFE cloth over Sharkskin paper, and the filter cake was rinsed with DCM (6.10 kg, 1 vol.). After conditioning the filter cake for about 22 h, the filter cake was dried for about 2 days in vacuo at 50 ± 5 °C to afford the compound of Formula (I) in 99.6% (AUC) purity. The compound of Formula (I) was consistent with a Form A reference by XRPD.

[00595] To this solid was added purified water (44.6 kg, 10 vol.) and pre filtered 2-propanol (3.0 kg, 0.8 vol.). After stirring for about 6 h, a sample of the solids in the slurry was analyzed by XRPD and was consistent with a Form C reference. The solids were isolated via vacuum filtration through a 24″ polypropylene table top filter equipped with a PTFE cloth over Sharkskin paper, and the filter cake was rinsed with purified water (22.35 kg, 5 vol.) followed by pre filtered n-heptane (9.15 kg, 3 vol.). After conditioning the filter cake for about 18 h, the filter cake was dried in vacuo for about 5 days at 50 ± 5 °C.

[00596] This process afforded a compound of Formula (I) in about 99.6% (AUC) purity, and a chiral purity of greater than about 99% (AUC). An XRPD of the solid was consistent with a Form C reference standard. ^:H NMR (DMSO-<i₆) and IR of the product conformed with reference standard.

 

……………………………………………

KEY     Duvelisib, IPI-145,  INK-1197, AbbVie, INFINITY, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, phase 3, orphan drug

Ragaglitazar

NNC-61-0029, (-) – DRF-2725, NN-622,

(−)DRF 2725

cas   222834-30-2

222834-21-1 (racemate)

Hyperlipidemia; Hypertriglyceridemia; Lipid metabolism disorder; Non-insulin dependent diabetes

PPAR alpha agonist; PPAR gamma agonist

(2S)-2-ETHOXY-3-{4-[2-(10H-PHENOXAZIN-10-YL)ETHOXY]PHENYL}PROPANOIC ACID,

(2S)-2-ethoxy-3-[4-(2-phenoxazin-10-ylethoxy)phenyl]propanoic acid, DRF, 1nyx

Dr. Reddy’s Research Foundation (Originator), Novo Nordisk (Licensee)

Reddy Research Foundation……….. Braj Bhushan Lohray,

Antidiabetic Drugs, ENDOCRINE DRUGS, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Agents for, Insulin Sensitizers, PPARalpha Agonists, PPARgamma Agonists

Phase III

…………………..

EP 1049684; JP 2001519422; WO 9919313

Several related procedures have been described for the synthesis of the title compound. The Horner-Emmons reaction of 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde (I) with triethyl 2-ethoxyphosphonoacetate (II) afforded the unsaturated ester (IIIa-b) as a mixture of E/Z isomers. Simultaneous double-bond hydrogenation and benzyl group hydrogenolysis in the presence of Pd/C furnished phenol (IV). Alternatively, double-bond reduction by means of magnesium in MeOH was accompanied by transesterification, yielding the saturated methyl ester (V). Further benzyl group hydrogenolysis of (V) over Pd/C gave phenol (VI). The alkylation of phenols (IV) and (VI) with the phenoxazinylethyl mesylate (VII) provided the corresponding ethers (VIII) and (IX), respectively. The racemic carboxylic acid (X) was then obtained by hydrolysis of either ethyl- (VIII) or methyl- (IX) esters under basic conditions.

…………………………………………

……………………………………………………………..

J Med Chem 2001,44(16),2675

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm010143b

(−)DRF 2725 (6) is a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid. Compound 6 showed interesting dual activation of PPARα and PPARγ. In insulin resistant db/db mice, 6 showed better reduction of plasma glucose and triglyceride levels as compared to rosiglitazone. Compound 6 has also shown good oral bioavailability and impressive pharmacokinetic characteristics. Our study indicates that 6 has great potential as a drug for diabetes and dyslipidemia.

Nate, H.; Matsuki, K.; Tsunashima, A.; Ohtsuka, H.; Sekine, Y. Synthesis of 2-phenylthiazolidine derivatives as cardiotonic agents. II. 2-(phenylpiperazinoalkoxyphenyl)thiazolidine-3-thiocarboxyamides and corresponding carboxamides. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1987, 35, 2394−2411

(S)-3-[4-[2-(Phenoxazin-10-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-eth-oxypropanoic Acid (6).  as a white solid, mp: 89−90 °C.

[α]D 25 = − 12.6 (c = 1.0%, CHCl3).

1H NMR (CDCl3, 200 MHz): δ 1.16 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.42−1.91 (bs, 1H, D2O exchangeable), 2.94−3.15 (m, 2H), 3.40−3.65 (m, 2H), 3.86−4.06 (m, 3H), 4.15 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.63−6.83 (m, 10H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H). Mass m/z (relative intensity):  419 (M+, 41), 197 (15), 196 (100), 182 (35), 167 (7), 127 (6), 107 (19).

Purity by HPLC: chemical purity: 99.5%; chiral purity: 94.6% (RT 27.5).

…………………………………

http://www.google.com/patents/US6608194?cl=zh

EXAMPLE 23 (−) 3-[4-[2-(phenoxazin-10-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoic acid:

The title compound (0.19 g, 54%) was prepared as a white solid from diastereomer [(2S-N(1S)]-3-[4-[2-(phenoxazin-10-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-ethoxy-N-(2-hydroxy-1-phenyl)ethylpropanamide (0.45 g, 0.84 mmol) obtained in example 21b by an analogous procedure to that described in example 22. mp: 89-90° C.

[α]_D ²⁵=−12.6 (c=1.0% CHCl₃)

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 200 MHz): δ 1.16 (t, J=7.02 Hz, 3H), 1.42-1.91 (bs, 1H, D₂O exchangeable), 2.94-3.15 (complex, 2H), 3.40-3.65 (complex, 2H), 3.86-4.06 (complex, 3H), 4.15 (t, J=6.65 Hz, 2H), 6.63-6.83 (complex, 10H), 7.13 (d, J=8.54 Hz, 2H).

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http://www.google.com/patents/EP1049684A1?cl=en

Example 23

(S)-3-[4-[2-(phenoxazin-10-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-ethoxypropanoic acid :

The title compound (0.19 g, 54 %) was prepared as a white solid from diastereomer [(2S- N(lS)]-3-[4-[2-(phenoxazin-10-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-ethoxy-N-(2-hydroxy-l- phenyl)propanamide (0.45 g, 0.84 mmol) obtained in example 21b by an analogous procedure to that described in example 22. mp : 89 – 90 °C. [α]_D ²⁵ = – 12.6 (c = 1.0 %, CHC1₃)

*H NMR (CDC1₃, 200 MHz) : δ 1.16 (t, J = 7.02 Hz, 3H), 1.42 – 1.91 (bs, IH, D₂0 exchangeable), 2.94 – 3.15 (complex, 2H), 3.40 – 3.65 (complex, 2H), 3.86 – 4.06 (complex, 3H), 4.15 (t, J = 6.65 Hz, 2H), 6.63 – 6.83 (complex, 10H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.54 Hz, 2H).

WO-2014181362

1. wo/2014/181362 a process for the preparation of 3 … – WIPO

   patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/WO2014181362

   Nov 13, 2014 – (WO2014181362) A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF 3-ARYL-2-HYDROXY PROPANOIC ACID COMPOUNDS …

A process for the preparation of 3-aryl-2-hydroxy propanoic acid compounds

ragaglitazar; saroglitazar

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)

Process for preparing enantiomerically pure 3-aryl-2-hydroxy propanoic acid derivatives (eg ethyl-(S)-2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate), using S-benzyl glycidyl ether as a starting material. Useful as intermediates in the synthesis of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist such as glitazars (eg ragaglitazar or saroglitazar). Appears to be the first filing on these derivatives by the inventors; however see WO2014181359 (for a concurrently published filing) and US8748660 (for a prior filing), claiming synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds.

1. Dolling, U. H.; Davis, P.; Grabowski, E. J. J. Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Alkylations. 1. Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Indacrinone via Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 446–447.
2. Andrus, M. B.; Hicken, E. J.; Stephens, J. C. Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Asymmetric Glycolate Alkylation. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 2289–2292.
3. Andrus, M. B.; Hicken, E. J.; Stephens, J. C.; Bedke, D. K. Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Glycolate Alkylation, Investigation of the Scope, and Application to the Synthesis of (-)-Ragaglitazar. J. Org. Chem. 2005, ASAP.
4. Henke, B. R. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor  Dual Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 4118–4127.
5. Wilson, T. M.; Brown, P. J.; Sternbach, D. D.; Henke, B. R. The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 46, 1306–1317.
6. Uchida, R.; Shiomi, K.; Inokoshi, J.; Masuma, R.; Kawakubo, T.; Tanaka, H.; Iwai, Y.; Omura, A. Kurasoins A and B, New Protein Farnesyltrasferase Inhibitors Produced by Paecilomyces sp. FO-3684. J. Antibio. 1996, 49, 932–934.

Dutogliptin tartrate
Syn name: 1-[N-[3(R)-Pyrrolidinyl]glycyl]pyrrolidin-2(R)-ylboronic acid L-tartrate
Cas number: 890402-81-0
Molecular Formula: C14H26BN3O9
Molecular Weight: 391.18

DUTOGLIPTIN

[1-[2-(Pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)acetyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]boronic Acid; [(2R)-1-[2-[[(3R)-Pyrrolidin-3-yl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl]boronic acid

C₁₀H₂₀BN₃O_3, 241.0951

852329-66-9

• Dutogliptin
• PHX1149
• UNII-38EAO245ZX

clinical trials

http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Dutogliptin

PHX-1149 is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26; DPP-IV; DP-IV) inhibitor which had been in phase III clinical trials at Phenomix and Forest for the oral, once-daily treatment of type 2 diabetes.

In 2008, the compound was licensed to Forest by Phenomix in North America for development and commercialization; however this license agreement was terminated in 2010. In 2009, the compound was licensed to Chiesi by Phenomix for development and commercialization for the treatment of diabetes type 2 in Europe, Brazil, the Russian Federation and all other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Turkey and Northern Africa. Phenomix ceased operations in 2010.

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WO2010107809A2

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2010107809A2?cl=en

or

http://www.google.com/patents/US20100240611?cl=en

The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase family, which cleaves N-terminal dipeptide residues from proteins, particularly where the dipeptide includes an N-terminal penultimate proline or alanine residue. DPP-IV is believed to be involved in glucose control, as its peptidolytic action inactivates the insulotropic peptides glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-I) and gastric inhibitory protein (GIP).

Inhibition of DPP- IV, such as with synthetic inhibitors in vivo, can serve to increase plasma concentrations of GLP-I and GIP, and thus improve glycemic control in the body. Such synthetic inhibitors would therefore be useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and related conditions. Certain such selective DPP-IV inhibitors have been developed, as are disclosed in U.S. Patent 7,317,109, U.S. Patent 7,576,121, U.S. Application Publication Nos. 2007/0060547, 2007/0185061, 2007/0299036, 2008/0182995, 2008/0300413, 2006/0264400, and 2006/0264401, and in International Applications WO2008/027273 and WO2008/144730, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Inhibition of DPP-IV by compounds of the structure of formula (I) is disclosed therein:

Example 1 – Synthesis of (R)-N-( 1 , 1 -Dimethylethoxycarbonyl)(pyrrolidine-2-yl)boronic Acid.

An oven dried 1 L three neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, addition funnel and internal thermocouple was charged with (IS, 2S)-Dimethyl-bis(3,3- dimethylbutyl)cyclohexane-l,2-diamine (approx. 50 g, 161.23 mmol, 1.2 eq), BOC-pyrrolidine (approx. 23.55 ml, 134.35 mmol, 1 eq) and dry toluene (approx. 500 ml) under inert atmosphere. The clear colorless solution was cooled to ^“ 78° C and a solution of sec-BuLi (approx. 115.16 ml of a 1.4 solution in cyclohexane, 161.23 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added slowly via dropping funnel over approx. 10 minutes (the temperature of the reaction mixture was maintained between approx. – 78⁰C and -65⁰C). The light orange colored solution was stirred for 3.5 hours at approx. -78⁰C, which was then followed by the addition of a solution of trimethylborate (approx. 45.06 ml, 403.05 mmol, 3 eq) in toluene (approx. 75 ml) via dropping funnel over 30 minutes while maintaining the temperature below -65⁰C. The reaction mixture was warmed slowly to room temperature, and stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was added into an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (approx. 670 ml of 2.0 M solution, 1340 mmol, 10 eq) and the resulting cloudy mixture was stirred for 30 minutes before allowing layers to separate. The aqueous phase (product) was transferred to a receiver and backwashed with toluene (approx. 100 ml). The organic phases (chiral amine ligand) were transferred to a receiver for later isolation. The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 5-6 by slow addition of HCl {cone), then extracted with EtOAc (approx. 3 x 500 ml). The organic extracts were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated until a final volume of approximately 100 ml. Heptane (approx. 300 ml) was added and the concentrated mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight (approx. 15 hours). The resulting white precipitate was filtered and the filter cake was washed with cold heptane. The product was dried at room temperature under vacuum to yield (R)- (pyrrolidine-2-yl)boronic acid (approx. 20.31 g, 94.44 mmol, 70.27 %) as a white solid. [α]²⁵D – 72.5 (c 1, DCM); 94-95 % ee (% ee was determined through chiral HPLC); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 3.40-3.50 (IH), 3.20- 3.30 (IH), 2.90-3.00 (IH), 2.10 (IH), 2.00 (IH), 1.85 (IH), 1.72 (IH), 1.45-1.48 (9H); m/z (ES+) 216.06.

Example 2 – Isolation of the chiral ligand ((1S, 2S)-Dimethyl-bis(3,3-dimethyl butyl) cyclohexane- 1 ,2-diamine)

Water (approx. 300 ml) was added to the first organic extract from the previous workup and cooled to 0° C the mixture was acidified to pH 3 by slow addition of HCl. The resulting cloudy mixture was stirred vigorously before allowing layers to separate. The aqueous phase (product) was transferred to a receiver and backwashed with toluene (approx. 100 ml). The aqueous phase was stirred at O⁰C and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 12-13 by the addition of sodium hydroxide. The mixture was extracted with toluene (approx. 3 x 500 ml) and the combined organic phases were concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude chiral diamine (approx. 48.32 g, 155.57 mmol, 96.5%) as light yellow oil. Further purification by vacuum distillation (approx. 120-130⁰C, house vacuum) yielded the chiral diamine as a colorless oil (approx. 45.57 g, 146.72 mmol) in 91% recovery).Example 3 – Synthesis of (R)-N-(I, l-dimethylethoxycarbonyl)-pinanediol-(Pyrrolidin-2-yl) boronate

A solution of (R)-Pyrrolidine boronic acid (approx. 300 mg, 1.39 mmol) in isopropyl acetate (approx. 10 ml) was treated with (+)-pinanediol (approx. 236.35 mg, 1.39 mmol, 1 eq) and Na₂SO₄ (approx. 203.25 mg, 1.39 mmol, 1 eq). After 24 hr, the solvent was evaporated to give crude boronic ester (approx. 475.55 mg, 1.36 mmol, 98 %) as a clear oil: 98-99 % de via chiral HPLC; ¹U NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.32 (IH), 3.47 (IH), 3.41-3.31 (2H), 3.22-3.05 (IH), 2.38- 2.30 (IH), 2.20-1.75 (8H), 1.45 (9H), 1.41 (3H), 1.28 (3H), .85 (3H); m/z (ES, M+l) 350.28.Example 4 – (R)-N-(Pyrrolidine-2-yl)-pinacol boronate

To a solution of pyrrolidine boronic acid (approx. 456 mg, 2.12 mmol) in isopropyl acetate

(approx. 15 ml) was added pinacol (approx. 251 mg, 2.12 mmol, 1 eq) and Na₂SO₄ (approx. 310 mg, 2.12 mmol, 1 eq). The mixture was stirred for 24 hr and the solvent was evaporated to yield crude pinacol boronate. The residue was triturated with EtOAc/hexane (approx. 1 : 10) at RT for 1 hr then filtered to give the pinacol boronate (approx. 611 mg, 2.06 mmol, 97 %) as a white solid: . ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.40-2.95 (3H), 1.95-1.50 (4H), 1.40 (9H), 1.20 (12H); m/z (ES+) 298.21. Removal of the Boc-protecting group was achieved by dissolving the white solid pinacol boronate in dry ether (approx. 15 ml), cooling to 0° C in an ice bath followed with addition of 1.5 eq of HCl in dioxane After 8 hours, the solvent was evaporated then triturated in hexane for 1 hr. The white precipitate was filtered and dried to yield the acid salt (approx. 472 mg, 2.02 mmol, 98 %): ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 3.48 (IH), 3.36 (IH), 3.21 (IH), 2.21 (IH), 2.03 (2H), 1.95 (IH), 1.35 (12H); m/z (ES M+l) 198.21.

Example 5 – Synthesis of (R)-3-(Benzyloxycarbonyl-{2-oxo-2-[(R)-2-((lS,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9- trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0^'”]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]-ethyl}-amino)- pyrrolidine- 1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester

A mixture of (R)-3-(benzyloxycarbonyl-carboxymethyl-amino)-pyrrolidine- 1-carboxylic acid benzyl ester dicyclohexylamine salt) (approx. 300.Og, 0.505mol), water (approx. 1.5L), 2M aqueous sulfuric acid (approx. 0.75L, 1.5mol) and toluene (approx. 2L) was stirred in a 1OL reactor at room temperature for 15 min. After settling the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was stirred with toluene (approx. 1.0L) for 15 min, and the layers were separated. The combined organic layers were washed with water (approx. 1.5L), and concentrated under vacuum at 45⁰C to 1.5L. To this solution was added N-methylmorpholine (approx. 55.4 mL, 0.505mol) and this mixture was added to a cold solution (approx. 0°-5°C) of ethyl chloroformate (approx. 48.1 mL, 0.505mol) in toluene (approx. 1.0L). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° – 5⁰C for 15 min and solid (2-(2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0²‘⁶]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidine hydrochloride) (approx. 144.4g, 0.505mol) was added in one portion followed by addition of N- Methylmorpholine (approx. 110.8 mL, l.Olmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0°-5°C, and allowed to warm to 20°-25°C. Stirring was continued for an additional 2.5 h. Water (approx. 2.0L) was then added, and the mixture was stirred for an additional 15 min. The layers were separated and the organic layer was subsequently washed with 0.85M aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (approx. 1.2L), water (approx. 2.0L), and 0.065M citric acid solution (approx. 1.5L). Toluene solution was concentrated under vacuum at 45⁰C, to give 287.3 g (approx. 88.4%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, ppm): mixture of rotomers, 7.35-7.25 (10H,m); 5.22- 4.99 (4H,m); 4.60 (IH, d); 4.22 (IH, dd); 4.11-3.65 (3H, m); 3.60-3.00 (6H, m); 2.32-1.91 (8H, m); 1.89-1.67 (4H, m); 1.42-1.18 (6H, m); 0.84-0.72 (3H, m); m/z (M+H)=644. Example 6 – Synthesis of 2-((R)-Pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-l-[(R)-2-((lS,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl- 3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0 ‘ ]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin- 1 -yl]-ethanone

a) THF solvateA solution of (R)-3-(Benzyloxycarbonyl-{2-oxo-2-[(R)-2-((l S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5- dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0²‘”]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin- 1 -yl] -ethyl }-amino)-pyrrolidine- 1 – carboxylic acid benzyl ester (approx. 4.76 g, 7.4 mmol) in toluene (approx. 60 mL) was diluted with methanol (approx. 60 mL). 10% Pd/C (wet, 500 mg) was added, and the mixture was hydrogenated at 50 psi for 3 h. The mixture was filtered through celite and washed with methanol (approx. 10 mL). The solution was then concentrated under vacuum to dryness. The residue was dissolved in THF (approx. 10 mL) at 4O⁰C and crystallized overnight at -1O⁰C to -15°C. Crystals were filtered, washed with cold THF (approx. 3 mL), and dried under vacuum for 5 h to yield 1.9 g (approx. 68.5%) of the title compound. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O, 1 drop TFA), 64.18 – 4.89 (m, IH), 3.93 – 3.85 (m, IH), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.55 (dd, IH)₅ 3.45 -3.38 (m, 4H), 3.35 – 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.24 – 3.05 (m, 3H), 2.93 (t, IH), 2.33 – 2.24 (m, IH), 2.15 – 1.42 (m, 16H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 0.94 (s, 3H), 0.78 (d, IH), 0.50 (s, 3H). m/z (ES+) = 376.30.

Thermogravimetric analysis of THF solvate of 2-((R)-Pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-l-[(R)-2-

((lS,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0²‘⁶]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]- ethanone was performed as is shown in Figure 5.

X-Ray Diffractogram of THF solvate of 2-((R)-Pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-l-[(R)-2-((lS,2S,6R,8S)- 2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0²‘⁶]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]-ethanone was performed as is shown in Figure 6. b) Non-solvate

A solution of (3-(Benzyloxycarbonyl-{2-oxo-2-[2-(2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora- tricyclo[6.1.1.0²‘⁶]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]-ethyl}-amino]-pyrrolidine-l-carboxylic acid benzyl ester) (approx. 20.Og, 31.Ommol) in toluene (approx. 8OmL) was diluted with methanol (approx. 20 mL). 10% Pd/C (2g, wet) was added, and the mixture was hydrogenated at 50 psi for 3 h. The mixture was filtered through celite and the filter bed was washed with a mixture of toluene (approx. 2OmL) and methanol (approx. 4 mL). The solution was concentrated to 8OmL at 30 -35 ⁰C under vacuum (approx. 90 to 120 mBar). THF (approx. 10OmL) was added and the solution was concentrated to 12OmL at 30 -35 ⁰C under vacuum (approx. 90 to 120 mBar). The mixture was stirred at 35 ⁰C for Ih, resulting in crystallization. The mixture was cooled to 0 ⁰C and held at that temperature for 2h. Crystals were isolated by filtration, washed with a cold mixture of toluene (approx. 20 mL) and THF (approx. 5 mL), and dried under vacuum at 35 ⁰C for 16 h to yield 9.11 g (approx. 24.3 mmol, 78%) of the title compound as a white solid.¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂0, 1 drop TFA), δ 4.34 (dd, IH, J= 9, 2 Hz), 4.08 (m, IH), 3.99 (s, 2H), 3.74 (dd, IH, J= 13, 8 Hz), 3.52 -3.29 (m, 6H), 3.12 (t, IH, J= 8 Hz), 2.47 (m, IH), 2.27 (m, IH), 2.19 – 2.06 (m, 2H), 2.02 – 1.84 (m, 6H), 1.67 (m, 2H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.00 (d, IH, J= 11 Hz), 0.71 (s, 3H). m/z (ES+) = 376.30.

Thermogravimetric analysis of 2-((R)-Pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-l-[(R)-2-((lS,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9- trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0^'”]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]-ethanone was performed as is shown in Figure 7.

X-Ray Diffractogram of2-((R)-Pyrrolidin-3-ylamino)-l-[(R)-2-((lS,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-

3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.0 ‘ ]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]-ethanone was performed as is shown in Figure 8.

Example 7 – Synthesis of Dutogliptin Tartrate

A round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with 2-(Pyrrolidin-3- ylamino)- 1 -[2-(2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-boratricyclo[6.1.1.0]dec-4-yl)-pyrrolidin-l-yl]- ethanone (approx. l:l-Pinanediol borane / THF complex; 2.98 g, 6.67 mmol, leq), (L)-tartaric acid (approx. 1.00 g, 6.67 mmol, 1 eq), and H₂O (approx. 15 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir for 1 hour then tert-Butyl methyl ether (approx. 15 ml) and (i?)-N-(l,l- dimethylethoxycarbonyl)(pyrrolidine-2-yl)boronic acid (approx. 1.46 g, 6.80 mmol, 1.02 eq) were added. The bi-phasic mixture was allowed to stir for 20 hours at room temperature before separating the layers. The aqueous phase backwashed with tert-butyl methyl ether (approx. 15 ml) and the organic layers were combined. Lyophilization of the aqueous layer provided dutogliptin tartrate as a white solid (approx. 2.60 g, 6.65 mmol, 99.7%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O, one drop of TFA) δ 4.48 (2H), 3.95-3.88 (IH), 3.81 (2H), 3.59-3.54 (IH), 3.37-3.28 (2H), 3.21-3.16 (2H), 3.11-3.07 (IH), 2.82-2.78 (IH), 2.37-2.28 (IH), 2.04-1.96 (IH), 1.88-1.78 (2H), 1.71-1.60 (IH), 1.50-1.42 (IH); m/z (ES+) 241.10 (-tartrate acid).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

US20060069250 *	Sep 28, 2005	Mar 30, 2006	Xiaohu Deng	Synthesis by chiral diamine-mediated asymmetric alkylation
US20080182995 *	Oct 31, 2007	Jul 31, 2008	Phenomix Corporation	Pyrrolidine compounds and methods for selective inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-iv
US20080300413 *	Jul 27, 2006	Dec 4, 2008	David Alan Campbell	Efficiently preparing boropyrrolidines and derivatives by coupling a (pyrrolidin3-yl-amino-)acetic acid and a 7,9,8-dioxaborotricyclic- (4,3,0,1(2,4))decane; protecting groups avert side reactions; antidiabetic agents

 

DENAGLIPTIN

(2S,4S)-1-[(2S)-2- amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propionyl]-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile, (2S,4S)-4-fluoro-1-[4-fluoro-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalanyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile

1-[2(S)-Amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propionyl]-4(S)-fluoropyrrolidine-2(S)-carbonitrile

GSK-823093, 823093
811432-66-3 CAS TOSYLATE

483369-58-0 (free base)

Denagliptin (GSK-823093) having the structural formula D below is (2S,4S)-1-[(2S)-2- amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propionyl]-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile, also named (2S,4S)-4-fluoro-1-[4-fluoro-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalanyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile

(D) – A -

Denagliptin is specifically disclosed in US Patent No. 7,132,443 and in WO 03/002531. In one embodiment, denagliptin is in the form of its hydrochloride salt as disclosed in Example 2 of WO 03/002531 or its tosylate salt as disclosed in WO 2005/009956. A class of this embodiment refers to denagliptin tosylate. Crystalline anhydrous denagliptin tosylate is disclosed in WO 2005/009956.

Denagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor which entered phase III clinical trials in 2006 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes at GlaxoSmithKline. Development of this compound was put on hold due to unfavorable preliminary data from preclinical long-term toxicity trials.

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http://www.google.com/patents/US7132443

Example 2

(2S,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-Amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride

A. 3,3-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.

To an anhydrous THF (80 mL) solution of n-butyl lithium (46 mL of 2.5 M, 115 mmol) at 0° C. was added dropwise diisopropylamine (11.13 g, 115 mmol) and the solution stirred for 10 minutes. Keeping the solution at 0° C., acetic acid (2.64 g, 44 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture stirred for 10 min and it was then heated 50° C. After 30 min a heavy precipitate had formed and the solution was allowed to cool. A solution of 4,4′-diflurobenzophenone (9.6 g, 0.044 mol) in THF (50 mL, anhydrous) was added at 0° C., and the solution stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (100 mL) and diethyl ether (100 mL) were added and the aqueous layer was separated and acidified with 1M HCl to pH 3. The organics were extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL) followed by drying over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded a crude white solid that could be washed with cold CHCl₃ to remove trace amounts of the benzophenone. The solid was dried under high vacuum yielding 5.63 g (20.2 mmol, 46% yield) of compound A as a white solid.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) 400 MHz δ 12.4 (s(br), 1H), 7.48–7.39 (m, 4H), 7.19–7.02 (m, 4H), 5.91 (s(br), 1H), 3.25 (s, 2H) ppm.

B. 3,3-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic acid.

To a 20% solution of sulfuric acid in acetic acid (50 mL, V/V) was compound A (5.6 g, 20.2 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes at RT. To this solution was added H₂O (500 mL) and the organics were extracted with ethyl acetate (3×150 mL) followed by drying over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded a white solid. The solid was dried under high vacuum yielding 4.97 g (19.1 mmol, 95% yield) of compound B as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ 7.27–7.21 (m, 2H), 7.19–7.13 (m, 2H), 7.10–6.95 (m, 4H), 6.26 (s, 1H) ppm.

C. 3,3-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid.

To a solution of compound B (2.5 g, 9.61 mmol) in ethyl acetate (250 mL) was added 10% palladium on carbon (50% w/w) and hydrogenated at 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 hours. The heterogeneous solution was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo to provide a yellow oil. The oil was dried under high vacuum yielding 2.40 g (9.16 mmol, 95% yield) of compound C as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) 400 MHz δ 12.08 (brs, 1H), 7.40–7.30 (m, 4H), 7.15–7.05 (m, 4H), 4.45 (t, 1H, J=8.1 Hz), 3.05(d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz) ppm.

D. (4S,5R)-3-[3,3-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]-4-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one.

To a THF (50 mL, anhydrous) containing compound C (2.0 g, 7.63 mmol) was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.18 g, 9.16 mmol) and then the solution cooled to −78° C. To this solution was added trimethylacetyl chloride (0.97 g, 8.01 mmol) and the solution warmed to 0° C. over 1 hour. The cloudy mixture was filtered and the filtrate added slowly over 10 min to a solution of the lithiated (4S,5R)-(−)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone at −78° C., which was prepared by the dropwise addition of n-butyl lithium (3.0 mL of 2.5 M, 7.63 mmol) to a THF (50 mL) solution of (4S,5R)-(−)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (1.35 g, 7.63 mmol) at −78° C. which had stirred for 10 min to provide the lithiated (4S,5R)-(−)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone. The yellow mixture was warmed to 0° C. and quenched with H₂O (50 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (3×250 mL) followed by drying over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded a solid. Flash chromatography (silica gel, 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided compound D. The white solid was dried under high vacuum yielding 2.31 g (5.49 mmol, 72% yield) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) 400 MHz δ 7.40–7.25 (m, 9H), 7.18–7.02 (m, 4H), 5.76 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.58 (t, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 3.72 (dd, 1H, J=16.8, 7.0 Hz) 3.57 (dd, 1H, J=16.8, 7.0 Hz), 0.58 (d, 3H, J=6.7 Hz) ppm.

E. (4S,5R)-3-[(2S)-2-Azido-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]-4-methyl-5-[(1E,3Z)-1-methylhexa-1,3,5-trienyl]-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one.

To a THF (50 mL anhydrous) solution containing compound D (2.0 g, 4.75 mmol) at −78° C. was added dropwise potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (10.0 mL of 0.5 M toluene solution, 4.98 mmol). After stirring for 10 min 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide (trisyl azide) (1.84 g, 5.94 mmol) in THF (10 mL, anhydrous) was added in one portion. After 3 minutes acetic acid was added (1.31 g, 21.8 mmol) at −78° C. and then the reaction quickly warmed to 30° C. and stirred for 1 hr at that temperature generating a light yellow solution. To this solution was added H₂O (100 mL) and the organics were extracted with ethyl acetate (500 mL). After washing with sat NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and drying over MgSO₄ the solvent was reomved in vacuo yielding a yellow oil. Column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexanes 1:9) provided compound E as a white solid. HPLC showed a single diastereoisomer. The white solid was dried under high vacuum yielding 1.71 g (3.70 mmol, 78% yield) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ 7.42–7.35 (m, H), 7.25–7.18 (m, H), 7.10–7.06 (m, 2H), 7.05–6.92 (m, 2H), 5.95 (d, 1H, J=10.8 Hz), 5.05 (d, 1H, J=7.1 Hz), 4.60 (d, 1H, J=10.8 Hz), 4.38 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz) ppm.

F. (2S)-2-Azido-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid.

To a THF/H₂O (4:1, 50 mL) solution of compound E (1.5 g, 3.25 mmol) at 0° C. was added a solution of lithium hydroxide (0.272 g, 6.49 mmol) in hydrogen peroxide (1.50 mL of 30% soln in H₂O, 48.75 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hr and then quenched with Na₂SO₄ (6.3 g, 50 mL of 1.0 M solution in H₂O). The THF was removed in vacuo and the solution acidified to pH 1 with 6.0 M HCl at 0° C. The organics were extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 mL) followed by drying over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded a clear oil. Column chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes/acetic acid 50:50:1) provided compound F as a white solid. The solid was dried under high vacuum yielding 0.78 g (2.60 mmol, 80% yield) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ 9.60(s(br), 1H), 7.25–7.10 (m, 4H), 7.10–6.95 (m, 4H), 4.50 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz) ppm.

G. (2S)-2-Amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid.

To an ethyl acetate (250 mL) solution of compound F (1.5 g, 4.95 mmol) was added 10% palladium on carbon (10% w/w) and hydrogenated at 1 atmosphere of hydrogen for 12 hr. The heterogeneous solution was filtered through celite (1 g) and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to provide a clear oil. The oil was dried under high vacuum yielding 1.30 g (4.70 mmol, 95% yield) of compound G as a white solid.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) 400 MHz δ 10.2(s(br), 1H), 7.38–7.27(m, 4H), 7.08–6.98 (m, 4H), 4.25 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 3.95 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz) ppm.

H. (2S)-2-[(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid.

To a CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) solution containing compound G (1.30 g, 4.69 mmol) was added triethylamine (2.37 g, 23.4 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.23 g, 5.63 mmol). After stirring for 12 hr H₂O (50 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) were added and the solution acidified to pH 3 with 1.0 M HCl. Separation of the ethyl acetate layer followed by drying over MgSO₄ and removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded a clear oil. The oil was dried under high vacuum yielding 1.68 g (4.4 mmol, 95% yield) of compound H as a white solid.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) 400 MHz δ 12.4 (s(br), 1H), 7.35–7.22 (m, 4H), 7.15–6.95 (m, 4H), 4.78 (t, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 4.25 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 3.05 (m, 1H), 1.20 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 6H) ppm.

I. (2S,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile.

To a DMF solution (25 mL anhydrous) was compound H (1.0 g, 2.65 mmol) and HATU (1.0 g, 2.65 mmol). To this solution was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.462 mL, 2.65 mmol) and after 30 min (2S, 4S)-4-fluoro-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.619 g, 2.12 mmol) and additional N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.37 mL 2.12 mmol) were added. This solution was allowed to stir at RT for 12 hr and then saturated sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) was added. The resulting gummy mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and the organics were washed with saturated NaCl (50 mL) followed by drying over MgSO₄. Filtration and removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded a clear oil. The oil was chromatographed on silica gel (hexanes/EtOAc 4:1) to provide a white solid. The solid was dried under high vacuum yielding 815 mg (1.72 mmol, 65% yield) of compound I as a white solid.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃) 400 MHz δ 7.38–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.21–7.15 (m, 2H), 7.12–6.98(m, 4H), 5.15 (d, 1H, J=51 Hz), 5.03 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz, 4.89 (d, 1H, J=11.2 Hz), 4.86 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 4.40 (d, 1H, J=11.2 Hz), 3.83 (ddd, 1H, J=36.8, 12.1, 3.7 Hz), 3.05 (d, 1H, J=12.2 Hz), 2.62 (t, 1H, J=15.3 Hz), 2.25 (m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H) ppm.

J. (2S,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-Amino-3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)propanoyl]-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile hydrochloride.

To compound I (0.5 g, 1.05 mmol) was added 4.0 N HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL, 40 mmol) and after 3 hr diethyl ether (100 mL) was added. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and after drying under high vacuum 0.41 g (1.0 mmol, 95% yield) of compound J was obtained as a white solid.

¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO) 400 MHz δ 8.42 (s(br), 3H), 7.72–7.66 (m, 2H), 7.38–7.32 (m, 2H), 7.25–7.19 (m, 2H), 7.06–7.0 (m, 2H), 5.38 (d, 1H, J=51 Hz), 4.91 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 4.82 (d, 1H, J=11.3 Hz), 4.41 (d, 1H, J=11.3 Hz), 3.86 (ddd, 1H, J=39.2, 12.4, 3.1 Hz), 3.45 (q, 1H, J=12.4 Hz), 2.38–2.20 (m, 2H) ppm.

…………………

PAPER

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/op900178d

A recent paper from workers at GSK describes improvements to the synthesis of Denagliptin (12). The final chemical step is Boc deprotection of (11) with p-toluenesulphonic acid (p-TSA) in isopropanol (IPA).   Some isolated batches of final product contained impurities 12A (~1%), 12B (~1%), and 12C (~0.3%). Investigation showed that these three impurities were not produced during the reaction but were produced in the dryer if there was any excess p-TSA in the filter cake during drying. These impurities could be avoided by washing the filter cake with 2 volumes of IPA prior to drying.

D.E. Paterson,* J.D. Powers, M. LeBlanc, T. Sharkey, E. Boehler, E. Irdam, and M.H. Osterhout (GlaxoSmithKline), Org. Process. Res. Dev.,2009, 13(5), 900-906.

…………………………….

http://www.google.com.ar/patents/US7462641?cl=pt-PT

(2S,4S)-4-fluoro-1-[4-fluoro-β-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalanyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile p-toluenesulfonic acid salt

EXAMPLE 1Preparation of (2S,4S)-4-fluoro-1-[4-fluoro-β-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalanyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, Form 1a) Preparation of (4S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoro-L-prolinamide

A reactor was charged with (4S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoro-L-proline (130 g, 1 wt, 1 eq.), dichloromethane (520 mL, 4 vol), pyridine (55 mL, 0.4 vol, 1.2 eq), and Boc-anhydride (145 g, 1.1 wt, 1.2 eq.). The reaction solution was stirred at approximately 20° C. for 2 hours. The reactor was charged with ammonium bicarbonate (62 g, 0.5 wt, 1.44 eq), and was stirred at approximately 20° C. overnight. The reaction was filtered over a bed of celite (130 g, 1 wt), and the filter cake was washed with dichloromethane (260 mL, 2 vol). The filtrate was concentrated to a volume of 3 volumes, heptane (520 mL, 4 vol) was added, and again concentrated to a final volume of 3 volumes. Heptane (390 mL, 3 vol) was added, and the reaction was cooled to approx. 5° C. for 30 min.

The solid was collected by filtration, washed with heptane (260 mL, 2 vol), and then dried under vacuum at approximately 50° C. to constant weight. Yield: 88-90%.

b) Preparation of (2S,4S)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile para-toluenesulfonic acid

The reactor was charged with (4S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoro-L-prolinamide (116 g, 1 wt, 1 eq.), isopropyl acetate (578 mL, 5 vol), and pyridine (88 mL, 0.8 vol, 2.2 eq). The resulting slurry was stirred at approx. 20° C. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (77 mL, 1.0 wt, 1.1 eq.) was added over at least 30 minutes, maintaining the temperature at approx. 20° C. The reaction solution was stirred an additonal 1 hour at approx. 20° C. Water (578 mL, 5 vol) was added slowly, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The stirring was stopped, the layers were allowed to separate, and the aqueous (lower) layer was discarded. The organic layer was concentrated under vacuum at a jacket temperature of approximately 50° C. to half volume. The reaction was diluted back up to 5 volumes with isopropyl acetate. The reactor contents were cooled to 20° C., and the reactor was charged with p-toluenesulfonic acid (94 g, 0.8 wt, 1 eq). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours, and GC analysis at this point should show complete consumption of (4S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-fluoro-L-prolinamide. The reaction was concentrated to 3 volumes under full vacuum at a jacket temperature of approximately 50° C. and 2 volumes of isopropyl alcohol were added. The reaction was concentrated to a final volume of 4 volumes. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and held for 30 minutes. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with isopropyl alcohol (1 vol), and then dried under vacuum at approx. 50° C. to constant weight. Yield: 68-71%.

c) Preparation of tert-Butyl{(1S)-1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-[(2S,4S)-2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate

A reactor was charged with N-{[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxy]carbonyl}-4-fluoro-β-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalanine (400 g, 1 wt, 1 eq.), (2S,4S)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile para-toluenesulfonic acid (307.7 g, 0.77 wt, 1.01 eq.), O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N,N-tetramethyluronium hexaflurophosphate [i.e. HATU] (408 g, 1.02 wt, 1.01 equiv.), and DMF (2.8L, 7 vol). The mixture was cooled to approximately 0° C. Hunig’s base (376 mL, 0.94 vol, 2.04 equiv.) was added over at least 30 minutes. The mixture was heated to approximately 25° C. and was stirred at this temperature until the reaction was complete (ca. 3 hours). MTBE (2.8L mL, 7 vol) was added, followed by water (2L, 5 vol) over at least 30 minutes to quench the reaction. The aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (1.2L, 3 vol). The combined organic phases were washed with water (2L, 5 vol). The organic phase was concentrated under vacuum to 3 volumes, and ethanol (1.6L, 4 vol) was added. The reaction was further concentrated under vacuum to 3 volumes, and ethanol (1.6 L, 4 vol) was added. The reaction was further concentrated under vacuum to 3 volumes. Added ethanol (2L, 5 vol). The ethanol solution of tert-Butyl {(1 S)-1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-[(2S,4S)-2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-oxoethyl}carbamatewas used directly in the next step.

d) Preparation of (2S,4S)-4-fluoro-1-[4-fluoro-β-(4-fluorophenyl)-L-phenylalanyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile p-toluenesulfonic acid salt. Form 1

A 10L reactor equipped with overhead stirring was charged with a slurry of tert-Butyl {(1S)-1-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-[(2S,4S)-2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-pyrrolidinyl]-2-oxoethyl}carbamate (500 g, 1 wt, 1 eq) in ethanol (3.5L, 7 vol). To this solution was added para-toluenesulfonic acid (403g, 0.806 wt, 2 eq). This solution was heated to 60° C., and was allowed to stir at this temperature for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5° C. and was stirred at this temperature for 30 minutes. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with ethanol (2×1 L), and dried to constant weight in a 50° C. vacuum oven. Yield: 70-80% over 2 steps.

………………….

Augustyns, K. et al., “The Unique Properties of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV (DPP IV/CD26) and the Therapeutic Potential of DPP IV Inhibitors,” Current Medicinal Chemistry, V6, N4, 1999, pp. 311-327.

……………………..

DIABETES

MURAGLITAZAR(CAS-No. 331741-94-7), ROSIGLITAZONE (CAS-NO. 122320-73-4), PIOGLITAZONE (CAS-No. 111025-46-8), RAGAGLITAZAR(CAS-No. 222834-30-2), FARGLITAZAR(CAS-No. 196808-45-4), TESAGLITAZAR(CAS-No. 251565-85-2), NAVEGLITAZAR(CAS-No. 476-436-68-7), NETOGLITAZONE (CAS-NO. 161600-01-7), RIVOGLITAZONE (CAS-No. 185428-18-6), K-111 (CAS-No. 221564-97-2), GW-677954 (CAS-No. 622402-24-8), FK-614 (CAS-No 193012-35-0) and (−)-Halofenate (CAS-No. 024136-23-0).

TABLE 1
INN or Research
Code	Structure/Chemical Name
BIM-51077	L-histidyl-2-methylalanyl-L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-
	aspartyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-seryl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alanyl-L-
	alanyl-L-lysyl-L-glutamyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-
	lysyl-2-methylalanyl-L-argininamide
EXENATIDE	L-histidylglycyl-L-glutamylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-aspartyl-L-leucyl-
	L-seryl-L-lysyl-glutaminyl-L-methionyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-
	arginyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutamyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-
	asparaginylglyclglycyl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-serylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-
	serinamide
CJC-1131	L-histidyl-D-alanyl-L-alpha-glutamylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-
	aspartyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-seryl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-glutamylglycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alanyl-L-
	alanyl-L-lysyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-
	L-lysylglycyl-L-arginyl-N6-[2-[2-[2-[3-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-
	yl)propionamido]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]-L-lysin-amide
LIRAGLUTIDE	L-histidyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-aspartyl-L-
	valyl-L-seryl-L-seryl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-Nepsilon-
	(Nalpha-hexadecanoyl-gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysyl-L-glutamyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-L-alanyl-
	L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-arginyl-glycyl-L-arginyl-glycine
ZP-10	H-His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-
	Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Ser-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys-NH2
TOLBUTAMIDE
TOLAZAMIDE
GLIPIZIDE
CARBUTAMIDE
GLISOXEPIDE
GLISENTIDE
GLIBORNURIDE
GLIBENCLAMIDE
GLIQUIDONE
GLIMEPIRIDE
GLICLAZIDE
METFORMIN
ACARBOSE
MIGLITOL
VOGLIBOSE
MURAGLITAZAR
ROSIGLITAZONE
PIOGLITAZONE
RAGAGLITAZAR
FARGLITAZAR
TESAGLITAZAR
NAVEGLITAZAR
NETOGLITAZONE
RIVOGLITAZONE
K-111
GW-677954
FK-614
(−)-Halofenate
REPAGLINIDE
NATEGLINIDE
MITIGLINIDE
SITAGLIPTIN
SAXAGLIPTIN
VILDAGLIPTIN
DENAGLIPTIN
P32/98
NVP-DPP-728
SILDENAFIL
VARDENAFIL
TADALAFIL
PRAMLINTIDE	L-lysyl-L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonyl-L-alanyl-L-threonyl-L-cysteinyl-L-alanyl-L-threonyl-
	L-glutaminyl-L-arginyl-L-leucyl-L-alanyl-L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-histidyl-
	L-seryl-L-seryl-L-asparaginyl-L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucyl-L-
	prolyl-L-prolyl-L-threonyl-L-asparaginyl-L-valylglycyl-L-seryl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonyl-L-
	tyrosinamide, cyclic (2−>7)disulfide
ETOMOXIR
HMR-1426
CETILISTAT
SIBUTRAMINE

Additional information with regard to the preparation, suitable dosage forms and dose ranges of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists listed in Table 1 can be found in the following patents/patent applications: WO0334331, EP0981611, EP1180121, WO9808871 and WO0104156.

Abaloparatide

WALTHAM, Mass., Dec. 21, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Radius Health, Inc. today announced positive top-line 18-month fracture results from the Company’s Phase 3 clinical trial (ACTIVE) evaluating the investigational drug abaloparatide-SC for potential use in the reduction of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/radius-announces-positive-phase-3-042531179.html

Abaloparatide
BA058
BIM-44058
UNII-AVK0I6HY2U

BA058; BIM-44058; CAS  247062-33-5

MW 3960.5896, MF C174 H300 N56 O49

NAME………C2.29-methyl(22-L-glutamic acid(F>E),23-L-leucine(F>L),25-L-glutamic acid(H>E),26-L-lysine(H>K),28-L-leucine(I>L),30-L-lysine(E>K),31-L-leucine(I>L))human parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-34)-proteinamide
L-Alaninamide, L-alanyl-L-valyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-histidyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-lysylglycyl-L-lysyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-2-methylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-histidyl-L-threonyl-

L-​Alaninamide, L-​alanyl-​L-​valyl-​L-​seryl-​L-​α-​glutamyl-​L-​histidyl-​L-​glutaminyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​histidyl-​L-​α-​aspartyl-​L-​lysylglycyl-​L-​lysyl-​L-​seryl-​L-​isoleucyl-​L-​glutaminyl-​L-​α-​aspartyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​arginyl-​L-​arginyl-​L-​arginyl-​L-​α-​glutamyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​α-​glutamyl-​L-​lysyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​leucyl-​2-​methylalanyl-​L-​lysyl-​L-​leucyl-​L-​histidyl-​L-​threonyl-

CLINICAL……….https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Abaloparatide%20OR%20BA058%20OR%20BIM-44058

BIM-44058 is a 34 amino acid analog of native human PTHrP currently in phase III clinical trials at Radius Health for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Radius is also developing a microneedle transdermal patch using a 3M drug delivery system in phase II clinical trials. The drug candidate was originally developed at Biomeasure (a subsidiary of Ipsen), and was subsequently licensed to Radius and Teijin Pharma.

………………………….

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2206725A1?cl=en

1. A peptide of the formula:

   [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28}, ³¹, Lys²⁶, Aib²⁹, Nle³⁰]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂;

   [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 30}, ³¹, Lys²⁶, Aib²⁹]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25,29}, Leu^{23, 28, 30, 31}, Lys²⁶]hpTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25, 29}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Lys²⁶, Nle³⁰]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Ser¹, Ile⁵, Met⁸, Asn¹⁰, Leu^{11, 23, 28, 31}, His¹⁴, Cha¹⁵, Glu^{22, 25}, Lys^{26, 30}, Aib²⁹]hPTHrP (1-34)NH₂; [Cha²², Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Glu^{25, 29}, Lys²⁶, Nle³⁰]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Cha^{7, 11}, ¹⁵]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Cha^{7, 8, 15}]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu²², Leu^{23, 28}, Aib^{25, 29}, Lys²⁶]hpTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Aib²⁹]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Lys²⁶, Aib^{29, 30}]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Lys²⁶, Aib²⁹]hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; [Glu^{22, 25}, Leu^{23, 28, 31}, Aib^{26, 29}, Lys³⁰] hPTHrP(1-34)NH₂; or [Leu²⁷, Aib²⁹]hPTH(1-34)NH₂; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

…………………

SEE……http://www.google.com.ar/patents/US8148333?cl=en

………………..

SEE…………http://www.google.im/patents/US20090227498?cl=pt

Cilomilast (Ariflo, SB-207,499)

cas 153259-65-5

cis-{-4-cyano-4-[3- (trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid}

cis-4-Cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(methoxyphenyl)]-r-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

C20-H25-N-O4, 343.4205

GSK….INNOVATOR

• Ariflo
• Cilomilast
• SB 207499
• SB207499
• UNII-8ATB1C1R6X

A selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

CLINICAL   https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=Cilomilast

Cilomilast (Ariflo, SB-207,499) is a drug which was developed for the treatment of respiratory disorders such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It is orally active and acts as a selective Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor.^[1]

SB-207499 is a potent second-generation inhibitor of PDE4 (phosphodiesterase-4) with decreased side effects versus those of the well-known first-generation inhibitor, (R)-rolipram. SB-207499 is in clinical development both for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)……..J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 821

Cilomilast (Ariflo™, SB 207499) is an orally active, second-generation phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor that is being developed by GlaxoSmithkline for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The results of Phase I and Phase II studies have demonstrated that cilomilast significantly improves lung function and quality of life to a clinically meaningful extent, which has led to a comprehensive Phase III programme of research evaluating efficacy, safety and mechanism of action. However, the results of those Phase III studies are unremarkable and disappointing, raising doubt over the future of cilomilast as a novel therapy for COPD. This review summarizes data obtained from the Phase III clinical development programme, highlights some of the potential concerns both specific to cilomilast and to PDE4 inhibitors in general and assesses the likelihood that cilomilast will reach the market.

Cilomilast is GlaxoSmithKline’s selective phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. The drug candidate had been preregistered in the U.S. for the maintenance of lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are poorly responsive to albuterol. GlaxoSmithKline received an approval letter from the FDA in October 2003, however, in 2007, the company discontinued development of the compound. In 2008, the product was licensed to Alcon by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of eye disorders.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, such as theophylline, have been used to treat Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for centuries; however, the clinical benefits of these agents have never been shown to out-weigh the risks of their numerous adverse effects. Four clinical trials were identified evaluating the efficacy of cilomilast, the usual randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled protocols were used. It showed reasonable efficacy for treating COPD, but side effects were problematic and it is unclear whether cilomalast will be marketed, or merely used in the development of newer drugs.^[2][3]

Cilomilast is a second-generation PDE4 inhibitor with antiinflammatory effects that target bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling associated with COPD.

4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid
Clinical data
Legal status	?
Identifiers
CAS number	153259-65-5
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID 151170
ChemSpider	18826005
UNII	8ATB1C1R6X
Chemical data
Formula	C20H25NO4
Mol. mass	343.417 g/mol

Synthesis

Christensen, Siegfried B.; Guider, Aimee; Forster, Cornelia J.; Gleason, John G.; Bender, Paul E.; Karpinski, Joseph M.; Dewolf,, Walter E.; Barnette, Mary S. et al. (1998). “1,4-Cyclohexanecarboxylates: Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Phosophodiesterase 4 for the Treatment of Asthma”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 41 (6): 821–35. doi:10.1021/jm970090r. PMID 9526558.

The reaction of 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (I) with LiBr, trimethylsilyl chloride (TMS-Cl) and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane in acetonitrile gives the corresponding benzyl bromide (II), which by reaction with NaCN in DMF affords 2-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (III).

The condensation of (III) with methyl acrylate (IV) by means of Triton B in refluxing acetonitrile yields the 4-cyanopimelate (V), which is cyclized by means of NaH in refluxing DME, giving the 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylic ester (VI). The decarboxylation of (VI) by means of NaCl in DMSO/water at 150 C yields the cyclohexanone (VII), which is condensed with 2-(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-dithiane (VIII) by means of BuLi in THF, affording the cyclohexylidene-dithiane (IX).

The methanolysis of (IX) catalyzed by HgCl2 and HClO4 in refluxing methanol gives a mixture of the cis- and trans-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester which is submitted to flash chromatography to obtain the cis-isomer (XII). Finally, this compound is hydrolyzed with KOH in methanol/THF/water.

The synthesis of SB-207499 is described. Investigation and development of new strategies for the homologation of ketone, 4-cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(methoxyphenyl)]-cyclohexan-1-one 2 are described which produce SB-207499. Our ultimate route of synthesis to SB-207499 is robust and operationally simple and produces the final drug substance in good yield and purity.

cis-4-Cyano-4-[3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-(methoxyphenyl)]-r-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (1a):

mp 148−150 °C; IR (KBr pellet) cm^-1 3300−2400, 2231, 1707, 1694;

¹H (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 11.75 (1Η, br s), 7.02 (1H, d, J = 2.3 Hz), 6.98 (1H, dd, J = 2.3, 8.4 Hz), 6.87 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.82 (1H, m), 3.86 (3H, s), 2.43 (1H, tt, J = 3.7, 12.2 Hz), 2.29 (2H, br d, J = 15.6 Hz), 2.25 (2H, br d, J = 16.4 Hz), 2.05 (2H, m), 1.94 (4H, m), 1.86 (2H, m), 1.82 (2H, m), 1.64 (2H, m); ¹³C (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 180.5, 149.8, 147.8, 132.8, 122.2, 117.3, 112.9, 111.9, 80.7, 56.1, 43.0, 41.7, 36.4, 32.8, 25.9, 24.0.

………………………………………..

http://www.google.com/patents/WO1995024381A1?cl=en

cis-{-4-cyano-4-[3- (trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl]cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid} or the corresponding compounds as defined by Formula I. The preparation of any remaining compounds of the Formula (I) not described therein may be prepared by the analogous processes disclosed herein which comprise:

Example 1

Preparation of cis-r4-cvano-4-⁽3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cvclohexane- 1 – carboxylic acid]

1 fa (3-Cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv acetonitrile

To a solution of 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (20 g, 90.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was added lithium bromide (15 g, 173 mmol) followed by the dropwise addition of trimethylsilylchloride (17.4 mL, 137 mmol). After 15 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (26.7 mL, 151 mmol) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 3 h, the mixture was separated into two layers. The lower layer was removed, diluted with methylene chloride and filtered through Celite®. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in methylene chloride and refiltered. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide a light tan oil. To a solution of this crude a- bromo-3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy toluene in dimethylformamide (160 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added sodium cyanide (10.1 g, 206 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h, then poured into cold water (600 mL) and extracted three times with ether. The organic extract was washed three times with water, once with brine and was dried (K2CO3). The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to provide an off-white solid ( m.p. 32-34^g C); an additional quantity of slightly impure material also was isolated. Kb Dimethyl 4-cvano-4-(‘3-cvclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenv pimelate

To a solution of (3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (7 g, 30.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (200 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added a 40% solution of Triton-B in methanol (1.4 mL, 3.03 mmol) and the mixture was heated to reflux. Methyl acrylate (27 mL, 303 mmol) was added carefully, the reaction mixture was maintained at reflux for 5 h and then cooled. The mixture was diluted with ether, was washed once with IN hydrochloric acid and once with brine, was dried (MgSO4) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The solid residue was triturated with 5% ethanol/hexane to provide a white solid (m.p. 81-82° C); an additional quantity was also obtained from the filtrate. Anal. (C22H29NO6) calcd: C 65.49, H 7.25, N 3.47. found: C 65.47, H 7.11, N 3.49. 1. c) 2-Caf bomethoxy-4-cvano-4-⁽3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphen vDcvclohexan- 1 -one To a suspension of sodium methoxide (350 mL, 1.55 mol, 25% w/w in methanol) in toluene (2.45 L) heated to 80° C under a nitrogen atmosphere was added a solution of dimethyl 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pimelate (350.0 g, 0.87 mol) in toluene (1.05 L) over 10 min. The reaction was heated to 85° C by distilling away 250 mL of solvent and was vigorously stirred under nitrogen for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to 50° C and was quenched with 3N (aq) HC1 (700 mL, 2.1 mol). The organic layer was isolated, was washed once with deionized water (700 mL) and once with brine (700 mL). The organic layer was concentrated via low vacuum distillation to afford crude 2- carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane- 1 -one in toluene. This was dissolved in 4.2 L of dimethyl sulfoxide and used in the next step. 1 (d) 4-Cvano-4-f3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl cvclohexan- 1-one

To a suspension of sodium chloride (315 g, 5.39 mol) and deionized water ( 315 mL) was added the dimethyl sulfoxide (4.2 L) solution of 2-carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3- cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l-one ( 323 g, 0.87 mol) and the resulting suspension was heated to 155° C for 1.75 h. The reaction was cooled to 40° C, was quenched into 8 L of iced water (2² C) and was extracted with ethyl acetate (3.5 L). The aqueous layer was isolated and re-extracted with 2.5 L of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract (6 L) was washed two times with deionized water (2 x 1 L) and once with brine (1 L). The organic layer was isolated and concentrated in vacuo to afford a residue. This residue was dissolved in refluxing isopropanol (500 mL), was cooled to 0° C and held at this temperature for 1 hour. The crystals were isolated by filtration, were washed with 250 mL of isopropanol (0° C), and were dried in a vacuum oven (45° C at 20 inches) to produce 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-l -one . m.p. 111-112° C; Anal. (C₁₉H₂3NO ) calcd: C 72.82, H 7.40, N 4.47; found: C 72.72, H 7.39, N 4.48. 1 (e) 2-r4-Cyano-4-G-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cvclohexylidenel- 1.3-dithiane To a solution of 2-trimethylsilyl-l,3-dithiane (9.25 mL, 48.7 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (80 mL) at 0° C under an argon atmosphere was added rapidly n- butyllithium (2.5M in hexanes, 19.2 mL, 48 mmol). After 10 min, the mixture was cooled to -78° C and a solution of 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-l- one (7.53 g, 23 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was added. After 10 min, aqueous sodium chloride was added, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and was diluted with water. This mixture was combined with the product of three substantially similar reactions conducted on ketone (3.04, 6.01 and 6.1 g, 48.3 mmol total), the combined mixture was extracted three times with methylene chloride, the extract was dried (MgSO4) and evaporated. Purification by flash chromatography (silica gel, 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes) provided a white solid, m.p. 115-116° C. \⁽f) cis-r4-Cyano-4-⁽3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl^‘)cyclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acidl

To a suspension of 2-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclo- hexylidene]-l,3-dithiane ( 140.0 g, 0.34 mol) in acetonitrile (500 mL) and deioinized water (140 mL) under nitrogen was added trifluoroacetic acid (136 g, 1.19 mol). The suspension was heated to 65² C for 1.25 h followed by the addition of 20% sodium hydroxide (420 g, 2.1 mol). The solution was heated at 70 to 75° C for an additional 1.25 h, was cooled to 45° C, deionized water (420 mL)was added followed by 3N (aq) HC1 (392 mL, 1.18 mol). The suspension was cooled to 5° C and held for 1 h. The suspension was filtered, was washed with cold (5^e C) deionized water ( 200 mL), and was dried in a vacuum oven (40°C at 20 inches) to obtain crude cis-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid]. This material was assayed at 98.5% and was found to a 98.8:1.2 mixture of cis-to-trans isomers, which was contaminated with 0.1% of residual 1,3-propanedithiol. This material was purified via an oxidative workup as follows.

To a hot solution (65° C) of crude cis-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4- methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid] (85 g, 0.247 mol) in acetonitrile (425 mL) was added 1M sodium hydroxide ( 425 mL, 0.425 mol). To the solution (60° C) was added 4.25 g of calcium hypochlorite and the suspension was vigorously stirred for 2 h. The reaction was concentrated by distilling out 320 mL of solvent, followed by the addition of ethyl acetate ( 425 mL). The reaction was again concentrated by distilling out 445 mL of solvent, was cooled to 55° C followed by the addition of ethyl acetate (1.0 L) and 6N (aq.) HC1 (100 mL). The organic layer was isolated, was washed three times with deionized water (3 x 300 mL), was filtered and was concentrated by distilling out 530 mL of solvent. To the solution was added ethyl acetate (635 mL) with continued distillation to remove 750 mL of solvent. The solution was cooled to 65° C followed by the addition of hexane ( 340 mL). The suspension was cooled to 5° C, held at this temperature for 1 hour, was filtered and was washed with cold (5° C) 10% ethyl acetate/ hexane ( 200 mL). The solid was collected and was dried in a vacuum oven (40° C at 20 inches) to obtain cis- [4- cyano-4- (3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acid] . This material was found to contain no trans isomer. Anal.(C2θH25-Nθ4) calcd: C 69.95, H 7.34, N 4.08; found: C 69.90, H 7.35, N 4.02. Example 2

Preparation of cis-f 4-cvano-4-r3-(trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyll- cyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid)

2(a’) cis-F4-Cyano-4-(3-hvdroxy-4-methoxyphenvDcyclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acid]

To a solution of boron tribromide in dichlorormethane (0.1M, 335 mL, 33.5 mmol) under an argon atmosphere at -78° C was slowly added a solution of cis-[4-cyano-4-(3- cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexane-l -carboxylic acid] (4.03 g, 11.7 mmol) in dichloromethane (180 mL). The mixture was stirred for 5 min, 15% sodium methoxide in methanol was added to pH 8-9 and the reaction was warmed to RT. Water (lOOmL) was added and the mixture was acidified with 3N aqueous hydrochloric acid to pH 1-2. The organic layer was separated, was dried (MgSO4/Na2SO4), was filtered and was evaporated. The residue was twice dissolved in chloroform and the solution was evaporated to yield a white solid. -1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.01 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d of d, J=2.4, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 2.21 (br t, J=13.6 Hz, 4H), 1.98 (m,2H), 1.77 (m, 2H); mp 190-193° C. Kb) Methyl cis- r-4-cvano-4-⁽3-hvdroxy-4-methoxyphenyl^‘)cvclohexane-l-carboxylatel -Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.015 g, 0.08 mmol) was added to a solution of the compound of Example 2(a) (0.70 g, 2.54 mmol) in dry methanol (20 mL) under an argon atmosphere and the reaction was stirred for 6 h at 45-50⁹ C. The reaction was cooled to RT and was stirred for an additional 16 h. The solution was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50% hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield the tide compound as a white solid. -1H NMR(400 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 7.01 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=9.1 Hz, IH), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.35 (t of t, J=3.6, 12.2 Hz, IH), 2.14-2.25 (m, 4H), 2.00 (app q, J=13.4 Hz, IH), 1.99 (app q, J=13.4 Hz, IH), 1.77 (app t, J=13.4 Hz, IH), 1.76 (app t, J=13.4 Hz, IH); mp 106-107° C.

2(c) Methyl cis- f -4-cvano-4-r3-(trans-3-hydroxycvclopentyloxy )-4-methoxyphenyl – cvclohexane- 1 -carboxylate 1

The compound of Example 2(b) (0.69 g, 2.37 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) under an argon atmosphere and was treated with triphenylphosphine (1.24 g, 4.74 mmol) and cis-l,3-cyclopentanediol (0.49 g, 4.74 mmol). Diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.83 g, 4.74 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The solution was evaporated, the residue was diluted with ether and the white solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50% hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield a mixture of the title compound and triphenylphosphine oxide. The mixture was diluted with ether and the white solid triphenylphosphine oxide was removed by filtration. Evaporation of the filtrate yielded the title compound as a sticky, colorless semi-solid. 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.07 (d, J=2.4 Hz, IH), 7.02 (d of d, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz, IH), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, IH), 4.99 (m, IH), 4.37 (m, IH), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.16 (d, J=9.1 Hz, IH), 2.39 (m, IH), 1.88-2.25 (m, 12H), 1.80 (br t, J=13.5 Hz, 2H).

2(d) cis-f-4-cyano-4-r3-(trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyloxy )-4- methoxyphenyllcyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid )

The compound of Example 2(c) (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) was dissolved in 5:5:2 tetrahydrofuran methanol/water (5 mL), sodium hydroxide (0.035 g, 0.88 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated, the residue was partitioned between 5% aqueous NaOH and dichloromethane and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 3 with 3N aqueous hydrochloric acid and was extracted three times with 5% methanol in chloroform. The organic extracts were combined, were dried (MgSO4), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 90:10:1 chloroform/methanol water) to yield a solid which was slurried in ether, was collected by filtration and was dried in vacuo to afford the title compound. MS(d/NH₃) m e 377 [M + NH ]+; 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.08 (br s, IH), 7.03 (br d, J=8.5Hz, IH), 6.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, IH), 4.98 (m, IH), 4.38 (m, IH), 3.84 (s, IH), 2.41 (m, IH), 1.77-2.29 (m, 16H); Anal. (C₂oH₂5NO₅-»0.9 H₂O) calcd: C, 63.95; H,7.19; N,3.73. found: C, 64.06; H, 6.88; N, 3.77; mp 161-163° C.

Example 3 Preparation of cis- f 4-cvano-4-r3-(cis-3-hvdroxycvclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyll- cyclohexane-1 -carboxylic acid) 3(a) Methyl cis-(-4-cvano-4-r3-⁽cis-3-formyloxycvclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyll- cvclohexane- 1 -carboxylate ) The compound of Example 2(c) (0.68 g, 1.83 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahyrofuran (20 mL) under an argon atmosphere and was treated with triphenylphosphine ( 0.96 g, 3.66 mmol) and formic acid (0.17 g, 3.66 mmol). Diethyl azodicarboxylate (0.64 g, 3.66 mmol) was added and d e mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The solution was evaporated, ether was added and the white solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and die residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 65% hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield the title compound as a clear colorless oil. ^**-H NMR(400 MHz, CDC1₃) δ 8.02 (s,lH), 7.0 (d of d, J=2.4, 8.2 Hz, IH), 6.99 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (d, J=8.2 Hz, IH), 5.48 (m, IH), 4.95 (m, IH), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 2.31-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.28 (m, 7H), 1.96-2.06 (m, 3H), 1.74-1.87 (m, 3H).

3⁽h⁾ cis- ⁽ -4-cvano-4-r3-⁽cis-3-hvdroxvcvclθDentvloxy⁾-4-methoχyphenyllcvclohexane- 1 -carboxylic acid)

The compound of Example 3(a) (0.52 g, 1.31 mmol) was dissolved in 5:5:2 tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water (20mL), sodium hydroxide (0.32 g, 8.0 mmol) was added and die mixture was stirred at RT for 2.5 h. The solvent was evaporated and the aqueous residue was acidified to pH 1-2 with 3N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The white solid product was collected, was washed with water and was dried in vacuo to afford the title compound as a white solid. MS(CI/NH3) m/e 377 [M + NH3]+;

IH NMR(250 MHz, CDCI3) δ 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.2 Hz, IH), 4.97 (m, IH), 4.59 (m, IH), 3.85 (s, 3H), 1.64-2.47 (m, 17H);

mp 143-145° C.

References

1. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/549357
2. Torphy TJ, Barnette MS, Underwood DC, Griswold DE, Christensen SB, Murdoch RD, Nieman RB, Compton CH. Ariflo (SB 207499), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of asthma and COPD: from concept to clinic. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999;12(2):131-5. PMID 10373396
3. Ochiai H, Ohtani T, Ishida A, Kusumi K, Kato M, Kohno H, Kishikawa K, Obata T, Nakai H, Toda M. Highly potent PDE4 inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2004 Jan 5;14(1):207-10. PMID 14684329

CARIPRAZINE

CAS 839712-12-8 (free base)

CAS 1083076-69-0…HYDROCLORIDE SALT

trans-N-[4-[2-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]-N’,N’-dimethylurea

Trans-1-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3,3- dimethyl-urea

trans-4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-cyclohexylamine

trans-1{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3,3-dimethyl-urea,

3-(trans-4-(2-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

IN PHASE 3 FOR MAJOR DEPRESSION

Cariprazine (RGH-188) is an antipsychotic drug under development by Gedeon Richter. It acts as a D₂ and D₃ receptor partial agonist, with high selectivity towards the D₃ receptor.^[1] Positive Phase III study results were published for schizophrenia and maniaearly 2012, while Phase II studies in bipolar disorder I, and for bipolar depression are in progress.^[2] Action on the dopaminergic systems makes it also potentially useful as an add-on therapy in major depressive disorder ^[3]

Forest Laboratories obtained a license on development (from the Richter – Hungary) and exclusive commercial rights in the US in 2004.

R&D center in Budapest

NEWS………….DUBLIN and BUDAPEST, Hungary, Jan. 6, 2015 /PRNewswire/ — Actavis plcand Gedeon Richter Plc. today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has acknowledged receipt of Actavis’ New Drug Application (NDA) resubmission for its atypical antipsychotic cariprazine, a potent dopamine D3/D2 receptor partial agonist with preferential binding to D3 receptors. The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date is expected to be in the second quarter of 2015…….

….http://www.marketwatch.com/story/actavis-and-gedeon-richter-announce-fda-receipt-of-nda-resubmission-for-cariprazine-2015-01-06

Production building of the company in Budapest

Medical uses

Cariprazine is currently in clinical trials for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It has also been investigated as a potential adjunct in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.^[4]

Illustrated Pill Packaging

Side effects

The most prevalent side effects for cariprazine include akathisia, insomnia, and weight gain. Cariprazine does not appear to impact metabolic variables or prolactin levles, and unlike many other antipsychotics, does not increase the electrocardiogram (ECG) QT interval. In short term clinical trials extrapyramidal effects, sedation, akathisia, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, anxiety, and constipation were observed. One review characterized the frequency of these events as “not greatly different from that seen in patient treated with placebo”^[5] but a second called the incidence of movement-related disorders “rather high”^[6][7] .

Pharmacodynamics

Cariprazine acts as an antipsychotic that is effective against the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.^[8] Unlike many antipsychotics that are D₂ and 5-HT_2A receptor antagonists, cariprazine is a D₂ and D₃ partial agonist. It also has a higher affinity for D₃ receptors. The D₂ and D₃ receptors are important targets for the treatment of schizophrenia, because the overstimulation of dopamine receptors has been implicated as a possible cause of schizophrenia.^[9] Cariprazine acts to inhibit overstimulated dopamine receptors (acting as an antagonist) and stimulate the same receptors when the endogenous dopamine levels are low. Cariprazine’s high selectivity towards D₃ receptors could prove to reduce side effects associated with the other antipsychotic drugs, because D₃receptors are mainly located in the ventral striatum and would not incur the same motor side effects (extrapyramidal symptoms) as drugs that act on dorsal striatum dopamine receptors.^[8] Cariprazine also acts on 5-HT_1A receptors, though the affinity is considerably lower than the affinity to dopamine receptors (seen in monkey and rat brain studies).^[8][10] In the same studies, cariprazine has been noted to produce pro-cognitive effects, the mechanisms of which are currently under investigation. An example of pro-cognitive effects occurred in pre-clinical trials with rats: rats with cariprazine performed better in a scopolamine-induced learning impairment paradigm in a water labyrinth test. This may be due to the selective antagonist nature of D₃ receptors, though further studies need to be conducted.^[8] This result could be very useful for schizophrenia, as one of the symptoms includes cognitive deficits.

Cariprazine has partial agonist as well as antagonist properties depending on the endogenous dopamine levels. When endogenous dopamine levels are high (as is hypothesized in schizophrenic patients), cariprazine acts as an antagonist by blocking dopamine receptors. When endogenous dopamine levels are low, cariprazine acts more as an agonist, increasing dopamine receptor activity.^[11] In monkey studies, the administration of increasing does of cariprazine resulted in a dose-dependent and saturable reduction of specific binding. At the highest dose (300 μg/kg), the D₂/D₃ receptors were 94 % occupied, while at the lowest dose (1 μg/kg), receptors were 5 % occupied.^[10]

Pharmacokinetics

Cariprazine has high oral bioavailability and can cross the blood brain barrier easily in humans because it is lipophilic.^[2] In rats, the oral bioavailability was 52 % (with a dose of 1 mg/kg).^[7]

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PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/EP1663996A1?cl=en

Trans-1-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3,3- dimethyl-urea (compound 1 )

Example 1 1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-[1,4]diazepine (starting material)

2.25 g (10 mmol) 1-bromo-2,3-dichloro-benzene was dissolved in dry toluene (50 ml), 2.3 (11 mmol) of [1 ,4]diazepine-1 -carboxylic acid tert-butylester was added followed by 0.2 g BINAP (2,2-bis(diphenylρhosphino)-1 ,1′-binaphtyl), 85 mg tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) and 1.2 g (12mmol) sodium-tert-butoxyde. The reaction mixture was refluxed for eight hours and filtered. The organic layer was washed with water, dried and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography and deprotected at 10 °C using 20 ml ethylacetate saturated with gaseous hydrochloric acid, the precipitate was filtered giving 2.1 g (yield: 75 %) hydrochloride salt of the title compound, melting at 182-3 °C. Example 2 Trans-N-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-hexahydro-[1 ,4]diazepin-1-yl]-ethyl]- cyclohexyl}-carbamic acid tert-butylester (intermediate) 0.7 g (2.5 mmol) of 1 -(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-[1 ,4]diazepine hydrochloride and

0.6 g (2.5 mmol) of frat?s-2-{1 -[4-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]cyclohexyl}- acetaldehyde were dissolved in dichloroethane (35 ml), 0.35 ml (2.5 mmol) triethylamine was added, then 0.79 g (3.7 mmol) sodium triacetoxyborohydride was added portionswise and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours at ambient temperature, then 20 % potassium carbonate solution in water (20 ml) was added. The organic layer was separated, dried and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The precipitate was recrystallized from acetonitrile to give the title compound 1 .0 g (yield: 85.8 %), m.p.: 95-8 °C. Example 3

Trans-4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-hexahydro-[1 ,4]diazepin-1-yl]-ethyl]- cyclohexylamine (intermediate)

0.93 g (2.1 mmol) frarjs-N-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-hexahydro- [1 ,4]diazepin-1 -yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-carbamic acid tert-butylester was deprotected at

10 °C using 15 ml ethylacetate saturated with gaseous hydrochloric acid, after 4 hours the precipitate was filtered giving 0.91 g (yield: 98 %) dihydrochloride salt of the title compound, melting at 260-6 °C. Method A

Trans-1-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yi]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3,3- dimethyl-urea (compound 1 ) 1 .39g (3 mmol) trans-4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-ρiperazin-1 -yl]-ethyl}- cyclohexyl-amine trihydrochloride was suspended in dichloromethane (100 ml), triethylamine (2.1 ml, 15 mmol) was added followed by 0.30 ml (3.3 mmol) N,N- dimethylcarbamoylchloride. The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 hours at room temperature, filtered. The filtrate was washed with water (2 x 20 ml), dried and evaporated in vacuo. Recrystallizing from methanol gave the title compound (0.83 g, 65 %), melting at 212-4 °C.

Method B

7rans-1-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3-ethyl- urea (compound 2) 0.56g (1.2 mmol) trans-4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}- cyclohexyl-amine was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (20 ml), ethylisocyanate (0.1 ml, 1.3 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was stirred with water, the precipitate was filtered, giving the title compound (0.33 g, 65 %). Melting point:

235-8 °C.

Method C rrans-1-{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3,3- dimethyl-urea (compound 1 )

0.56g (1.2 mmol) trans-4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}- cyclohexyl-amine trihydrochloride was suspended in dry dichloromethane (50 ml), triethylamine 0.77 ml, 6 mmol) was added and 0.13g (0.44 mmol) triphosgene dissolved in dichloromethane was dropped in. After one hour stirring at room temperature dimetilamine hydrochloride (0.49 g, 6 mmol) followed by triethylamine (0.84 ml, 6 mmol) was added and the stirring was continued for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered, the filtrate washed with water, dried and evaporated in vacuo. Recrystallizing the product from methanol gave the title compound (0.27 g, 52 %). Melting point: 212-4 °C.

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PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/US20090023750

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0229297 discloses (thio)-carbamoyl-cyclohexane derivatives that are D₃ and D₂ dopamine receptor subtype preferring ligands, having the formula (I):

(I)

wherein R₁, R₂, X, and n are as defined therein. One particular compound disclosed therein is trans-1{4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl]-cyclohexyl}-3,3-dimethyl-urea, which is also known as trans-4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl-cyclohexylamine, the structural formula for which is shown below:

Compounds of formula (I) act as a dopamine receptor antagonists, particularly D₃/D₂ receptor antagonists, and are useful in the treatment and prevention of pathological conditions which require modulation of dopamine receptors.

In some cases, an appropriate salt of an active may improve certain properties suitable for pharmaceutical compounds (i.e., stability, handling properties, ease of large scale synthesis, etc.). However, selection of a suitable salt for a particular active agent is not always straightforward, since the properties of salts of different compounds formed with the same salt forming agent may differ greatly. Moreover, formation of particular salts of a compound possessing more than one basic centre may be difficult to achieve in high yield due to formation of multiple products.

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see

WO 2011073705

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2011073705A1?cl=en

We have surprisingly found that by reacting trans 4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)- piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}-cyclohexylamine of formula (III)

with a carbonic acid derivative of general formula (VI)R-O-CO-Z (VI)

then reacting the compound of general formula (IV) obtained

with an amine derivative of general formula (V)

get the compounds of general formula (I)

EXAMPLES

The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1

Trans N-(4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid methylester 6.45 g (0.015 mol) of dihydrochloride of compound of formula (III) was added to a mixture of 125 ml dichloromethane and 12.25 ml triethylamine and the thick suspension obtained was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C for one hour. The so obtained suspension was added to a solution of 2.3 ml (0.03 mol) methyl chloroformate in 25 ml of dichloromethane at a temperature between 5-10°C. The reaction mixture obtained was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C for 3 hours then extracted with 3×150 ml (150 g) of distilled water. The organic phase was evaporated in vacuum and the residue was recrystallized from methanol. In this manner 4.5 g of the title product was obtained.

Yield: 72 %.

Melting point: 143-147 °C

Example 2

Trans N-(4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}-cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid isopropylester

6.45 g (0.015 mol) of dihydrochloride of compound of formula (III) was added to a mixture of 125 ml dichloromethane and 12.25 ml of triethylamine and the thick suspension obtained was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C-on for one hour. The suspension was added to a solution of 3.7 g (0.03 mol) of isopropyl chloroformate in 30 ml of toluene at a temperature between 5-10°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C for 3 hours and then extracted with 3×150 ml (150 g) of distilled water. The organic phase was evaporated in vacuum and the residue obtained was recrystallized from isopropanole.

In this manner 4,4 g of title compound was obtained. Yield: 67 %.

Melting point: 128-131°C

Example 3

Trans 4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl- cyclohexylamine

6.45 g (0.015 mol) of dihydrochloride of compound of formula (III) was added to a mixture of 125 ml of dichloromethane and 12.25 ml of triethylamine and the thick suspension obtained was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C for one hour. The suspension was added to a solution of 4.9 g of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate in 50 ml of dichloromethane at a temperature between -5-(-10)°C for one hour. The reaction mixture obtained was added to a solution of 13 g dimethylamine in 100 ml isopropyl alcohol (IP A) (40 ml, 0.12 mol) cooled at a temperature between 0-(-10)°C during which the temperature of the reaction mixture was kept under 0°C. After stirring at a temperature between 0-(-5)°C for 30 minutes to the reaction mixture 100 ml of distilled water was added under stirring. Then the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 7-8 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid and volume of the reaction mixture was concentrated to 130 ml under vacuum. To the reaction mixture obtained additional 70 ml of distilled water was added and the mixture was concentrated to 170 ml under vacuum. The suspension was stirred at 20-25°C for one hour and the product obtained was isolated by filtration.

In this manner 6.6 g of title compound was obtained.

Yield: 95 %

Melting point: 208-211 °C Example 4

Trans 4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyI}-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl- cyclohexylamine 4.4 g (0.011 mol) of trans N-(4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}- cyclohexyl)-carbamic acid methylester was dissolved in 120 ml of dichloromethane. The solution obtained was added to a solution of 13 g dimethylamine in 100 ml isopropyl alcohol (IP A) (100 ml, 0.3 mol) cooled at a temperature between 0-(-10)°C during which the temperature of the reaction mixture was kept under 0°C. After stirring at a temperature between 0-(-5)°C for 30 minutes to the reaction mixture 100 ml of distilled water was added under stirring. Then the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 7-8 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid and volume of the reaction mixture was concentrated to 100 ml under vacuum. To the reaction mixture obtained additional 70 ml of distilled water was added and the mixture was concentrated to 120 ml under vacuum. The suspension was stirred at 20-25°C for one hour and the product obtained was isolated by filtration.

In this manner 4.3 g of title compound was obtained.

Yield: 95 %

Melting point: 208-211 °C

Example 5

Trans 4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl- cyclohexylamine hydrochloride 6.45 g (0.015 mol) dihydrochloride of formula (III) was added to a mixture of 125 ml of dichloromethane and 12.25 ml of triethylamine and the thick suspension obtained was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C for one hour. The suspension was added to the solution of 4.9 g of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate in 50 ml of dichloromethane at a temperature between -5-(-10)°C for one hour. The reaction mixture obtained was added to a solution of 13 g dimethylamine in 100 ml isopropyl alcohol (IP A) (40 ml, 0.12 mol) cooled at a temperature between 0-(-10)°C during which the temperature of the reaction mixture was kept under 0°C. After stirring at a temperature between 0-(-5)°C for 30 minutes 100 ml of distilled water was added to the reaction mixture under stirring. Then the pH of the aqueous phase is adjusted to 2-3 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid and the reaction mixture was concentrated to 130 ml, additional 70 ml of distilled water was added and the mixture was concentrated to 170 ml. The suspension was stirred at 20-25°C for one hour and the product obtained was isolated by filtration.

In this manner 6.7 g of title compound was obtained.

Yield: 96 %

Melting point: 221-224 °C

Example 6

Trans 4-{2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazine-l-yl]-ethyl}-N,N-dimethylcarbamoil- cyclohexylamine hydrochloride 6.72 g (0.015 mol) dihydrochloride monohydrate of compound of formula (III) was added to a mixture of 125 ml of dichloromethane and 12.25 ml of triethylamine and the thick suspension obtained was stirred at a temperature between 20-25 °C for one hour. The suspension was added to the solution of 4.9 g of bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate in 50 ml of dichloromethane at a temperature between -5-(-10)°C for one hour. The reaction mixture obtained was added to a solution of 13 g dimethylamine in 100 ml isopropyl alcohol (IP A) (40 ml, 0,12 mol) cooled at a temperature between 0-(-10)°C during which the temperature of the reaction mixture was kept under 0°C. After stirring at a temperature between 0-(-5)°C for 30 minutes to the reaction mixture 100 ml of distilled water was added and the pH of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 2-3 by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid. The reaction mixture was concentrated to 130 ml under vacuum then additional 70 ml of water was added and the mixture was concentrated to 170 ml. The suspension was stirred at a temperature between 20-25°C for one hour and the product obtained was isolated by filtration.

In this manner 6.7 g of title compound was obtained.

Yield: 96 %.

Melting point: 221-224 °C

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SEE

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014031162A1?cl=en

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PAPER

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
Volume 22, Issue 10,  (15 May 2012)

• Discovery of cariprazine (RGH-188): A novel antipsychotic acting on dopamine D₃/D₂ receptors

• Pages 3437-3440
• Éva Ágai-Csongor, György Domány, Katalin Nógrádi, János Galambos, István Vágó, György Miklós Keserű, István Greiner, István Laszlovszky, Anikó Gere, Éva Schmidt, Béla Kiss, Mónika Vastag, Károly Tihanyi, Katalin Sághy, Judit Laszy, István Gyertyán, Mária Zájer-Balázs, Larisza Gémesi, Margit Kapás, Zsolt Szombathelyi
• • Supplementary content

  Cariprazine, a potential atypical antipsychotic agent has been identified during the optimization of novel series of 4-aryl-piperazine derivatives. The recently available top line results from pivotal clinical trials demonstrated the safety and efficacy of cariprazine in bipolar mania and schizophrenia indications.

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Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2013 ,  vol. 56,  22  pg. 9199 – 9221

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm401318w

Biased agonism offers an opportunity for the medicinal chemist to discover pathway-selective ligands for GPCRs. A number of studies have suggested that biased agonism at the dopamine D₂ receptor (D₂R) may be advantageous for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. As such, it is of great importance to gain insight into the SAR of biased agonism at this receptor. We have generated SAR based on a novel D₂R partial agonist, tert-butyl (trans-4-(2-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)carbamate (4). This ligand shares structural similarity to cariprazine (2), a drug awaiting FDA approval for the treatment of schizophrenia, yet displays a distinct bias toward two different signaling end points. We synthesized a number of derivatives of 4 with subtle structural modifications, including incorporation of cariprazine fragments. By combining pharmacological profiling with analytical methodology to identify and to quantify bias, we have demonstrated that efficacy and biased agonism can be finely tuned by minor structural modifications to the head group containing the tertiary amine, a tail group that extends away from this moiety, and the orientation and length of a spacer region between these two moieties.

3-(trans-4-(2-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (2).(ref…………Ágai-Csongor, É.; Domány, G.; Nógrádi, K.; Galambos, J.; Vágó, I.; Keserű, G. M.; Greiner, I.; Laszlovszky, I.; Gere, A.; Schmidt, É.; Kiss, B.; Vastag, M.; Tihanyi, K.; Sághy,K.; Laszy, J.; Gyertyán, I.; Zájer-Balázs, M.; Gémesi, L.; Kapás, M.; Szombathelyi,Z.Discovery of cariprazine (RGH-188): A novel antipsychotic acting on dopamine D₃/D₂receptors Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2012, 22, 3437– 3440)